Outsourcing is here to Stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outsourcing is here to Stay - Essay Example Off-shoring refers to the task which is assigned to a third party based in another country away from the country who intends to carry out the work. With an increase in globalization and the amount of task being outsourced, the difference between outsourcing and off-shoring is hardly felt. Counties like India and China have been two hotspots for carrying out outsourcing task. Central and Eastern Europe are attractive destinations, but costs are rising there, too. Offshoring is actually increasing in Africa and the Middle East, but political instability poses ongoing challenges there. In our day to day use, we get to hear different abbreviations like BPO, ITO, and KPO. But what do they actually mean and where lies the difference We need to look into the details of each and try to know the difference between these three different types of outsourcing. a. Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) - it refers to outsourcing a specific business processing task. It can again be divided into two categories namely front office outsourcing and back office outsourcing. Front office outsourcing includes customer-related services like marketing, technical support etc and back office support refers to services like billing or purchasing. b. Information Processing Outsourcing (ITO) - To impart information, information processing outsourcing too is being carried out both for front and back office support. c. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) - Similar to ITO, we have the knowledge processing outsourcing units known as KPIs who by and large are knowledge-based units who provide analytical, technical and have decision-making skills. Pharmaceutical Research & Development units mainly fall under this category.     Even though outsourcing has been a very common concept in today's world mainly for the developing countries like India, but there are a large number of issues pertaining to this sector. Many BPOs, ITO, and KPIs have not been able to succeed in today's world because of a huge competition. The clients who have been able to deliver quality resource have been able to succeed. Thus, there is a need to have quality assurance and quality check to successfully carry out the task. The other problem that one can foresee is the conflict that arises between the client and the vendor. The client intends to get better service, often at lower costs, than it would get by doing the work themselves.

Epistemology - Doubt Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Doubt Essay Being certain about something can sometimes be misleading or misunderstood. You either assure certainty or question doubt. You can easily be a cocky football player, think you have the best team, and go into the game knowing you’re going to win and have no doubt that the other team is better than you, but end up losing. But as soon as you have doubt and get intimidated by the other team you instantly try your best to win the game, no matter the obstacles and challenges you go through and prove to the other team you’re better. Yes, it’s true that when you are certain about things faith and arrogance takes over and leads us to become acknowledged or at the top. But why would someone great and successful ever experience doubt? In society we have to know what we want to accomplish and how we want to get it done. One can be doubtful on being able to attain the dreams, discoveries, and challenges that come towards our life. But in the positive, a lot of the times you doubt your self so you can have the ability to push yourself to do bigger and better things. For example, you can surely take a test in class and think it’s easy and be certain that you did really well on it. But, there is always that doubt that you didn’t do well because you didn’t study or weren’t well prepared for this test. When you know something you not only have an opinion, but that opinion is true. We cant just say because we believe something, it is certain. Although everything we know is also certain, not everything we think is certain is known. A person can be certain about something that is true but in fact is, he can be wrong about it. Certainty and doubt go hand in hand because too much certainty can make a person close-minded and ignorant. Not willing to accept facts based on illogical connections to the opinions of others that have an influence strong enough to cause an irrational mental model of what is acceptable to base future opinions on and this leads to decision making that does not follow logic, but rather a misguided, irrational and closed minded. It is highly important for certainty and doubt to coexist and interact with each other to keep us in reality. Sure enough, certainty can help us to accomplish what we want to. But doubt helps us visualize limits and know how much of something we need to accomplish. Everyday I go through doubts. I doubt I’m going to finish this essay, I doubt I’m going to make it through another day of school, I doubt I’ll be able to pay my phone bill before this week, but at least I’m certain about when I come back from New Orleans this weekend I’ll be more than broke. But we as humans are made to accomplish and succeed. Giving up is not an option; more like doubting yourself isn’t. But with certainty helps us find what we really want to get done. Like this essay for example, It might not be the best in my class, (doubt) but I know I did well enough to get through my goal for this semester, which is getting a eighty or higher in all my essays for AP English (certainty).

Nerve And Tendon Gliding Exercises Health And Social Care Essay

Nerve And Tendon Gliding Exercises Health And Social Care Essay Carpal Tunnel Syndrome was first described by Sir James Paget in 1854 but the term was coined by Moeirisch. It is a syndrome of compression neuropathy of median nerve at the wrist. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and pain, limitation of activities of daily living, loss of sleep and work disability. (Levine et al., 1993). Twenty percent of symptomatic subjects with symptoms of pain, numbness, nocturnal parasthesia and tingling sensation in the hand would be expected to have Carpal tunnel syndrome based on the clinical examination and electro physiologic testing. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PREGNANCY Carpal tunnel Syndrome is more frequent in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular fluid retention by the hormone Prolactin and produce soft tissue swelling in the later stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can thus be produced by compression or swelling of the median nerve in its synovial sheath (Gelberman et al., 1981; Snell, 2000; Szabo, 1989; Primal Pictures, 2001; Rempel et al., 1999). Many therapies have been advocated for treating the carpal tunnel syndrome including Mobilizations, nerve gliding, tendon gliding, etc. Therefore the presence study was focused on the Effect of Nerve and Tendon gliding Exercises in the functional recovery of the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Tendon gliding Exercises were mostly performed at the end range of motion at small amplitude are performed at the limit of available motion and stressed into the tissue resistance. These exercises are thought to relieve pressure on the median nerve and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also helps decrease pressure. They are also thought to help blood flow out of the carpal tunnel, which can help decrease fluid pressure. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA Pregnant Women with pain and swelling in the wrist for at least 1 month. Pregnant women with both unilateral and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women with age group between 25years and 32years. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA Non-pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women having other complications like hypothyroidism, diabetes that may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Any other trauma related injuries in hand. Males. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercises. Functional Status Scale for measuring functional activity. HYPOTHESIS Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme will be effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. NULL HYPOTHESIS There may not be any significance between the nerve and tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy using Functional Status Scale for performance and Symptom Severity Scale for wrist pain. STUDY DESIGN A total of 20 patients having carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy are selected to find out the effectiveness of nerve and tendon gliding exercises on them. The duration of study per patient 4 weeks Treatment session 10 minutes per session / 2settings Treatment per week 7 days DURATION OF STUDY: 6 months OUTCOME Relief of pain and swelling in hand. An improvement in the functional ability of hand. Awareness is created for the working pregnant women especially with computers, typewriters, cake decorators, postal workers, dentists, and dental technicians virtually, who use their hands and wrists repetitively. Avoiding the severity of median nerve injury, which may lead to claw hand if unnoticed. INTRODUCTION Sir James Paget first described carpal Tunnel Syndrome in 1854 but Moeirisch coined the term. It is a syndrome of compression neuropathy of median nerve at the wrist. INTRODUCTION: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and pain, limitation of activities of daily living, loss of sleep and work disability. (Levine et al., 1993). The Carpal Tunnels floor is made up of the 8 tiny wrist bones. Its roof is a thick ligament called the transverse carpal ligament. 9 tendons pass through this tunnel. 4 of the 9 tendons bend the tips of the finger, another 4 of the 9 tendons bend the middle joints of the finger, and the 9th tendon bends the thumb tip. The median nerve passes through this tunnel. When there is swelling or if there is thickening of the ligament the nerve gets pinched or compresses. With enough compression carpal tunnel symptoms occur. If the compression is severe or occurs over a longer period of time the nerve may change shape and flatten causing some permanent damage. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs due to many causes like Wrist injury CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PREGNANCY Carpal tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is more frequent in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular fluid retention by the hormone Prolactin and produce soft tissue swelling in the later stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can thus be produced by compression or swelling of the median nerve in its synovial sheath (Gelberman et al., 1981; Snell, 2000; Szabo, 1989; Primal Pictures, 2001; Rempel et al., 1999). CTS have been recognized as a common complication of pregnancy (HeckmanSassard, 1994). The pathophysiology of pregnancy related CTS (PRCTS) has been mostly attributed to redistribution of fluids (Ekman-Ordeberg et al., 1987; Wand, 1990; Pauda et al.,2001). Signs And Symptoms 1.Pain that shoots from the hand up the arm as far as the shoulder. 2.Tingling in the hands during the day or the night that disrupts sleep and limits the ability to grasp objects with the hands. 3.Weak feeling in the hands, and the inability to pick up small objects. 4. The feeling that the hands are swollen, even if they do not appear to be so. 5.Burning numbness and tingling sensation in the thumb and first three fingers. 6.Weakness in the muscle at the base of the thumb, near the palm. Motor weakness will be seen in abductor pollicis brevis, flexor polices brevis and opponens policis brevis. Passive flexion or hyperextension of the affected hand at the wrist for more than one minute may worsaen symptoms.(Phalen.G.S.,1966). Percussion of the median nerve at the wrist causes paresthesis of the digits (Steward.J.D.,1978). Early Treatment 1.Splinting the wrist in a neutral position. 2.Avoiding the activities which causes pain if possible 3.Tendon and nerve gliding exercises. 4.Massaging 5.Elevating the arm or flicking 6.Neural mobilization 7.Ultrasound, icing, as pain relieving modality etc. Non operative treatment s is more effective in early stageas such as NSAIDS and local corticosteroids injections.If the probl;em is severe surgery is made to release the carpal tunnel. Diagnostic criteria Harrington etal suggested surveillance criteria for carpal tunnel syndrome should be pain or parasthesia or sensory losss in the median nerve distribution and one of the following: Tinels sign positive Phalens test positive Nocturnal exacerbation of symptoms Motor loss with wasting of the abductor pollicis brevis Abnormal nerve conduction studies. Nocturnal and exertonal dyesthesias in the radial half of the palm occur in 10% to 25% of pregnant women. When the carpal tunnel syndrome occurs, the symptoms area more often bilateral. Onset of symptoms is typical during the third trimester. Because of itas trnsient nature carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy is best treated by using conservative measures, such as tendon and nerve gliding exercises. That subsequent pregnanciesaraae frequently associated with repeated episodes of carpal tunnel syndrome confirms the association of carpal tunnel syndrome and pregnancy. Gliding Exercises Tendon gliding and median nerve-gliding exercises are two types of exercises that may help with carpal tunnel syndrome. These exercises are thought to relieve pressure on the median nerve and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also helps decrease pressure. They are aolso thought to help blood fow out of the carpal tunnel, which can help decrease fluid pressure. Fist Flexion Exercises Fist Flexion Exercises(also known as tendon gliding exercises) move your fingers through five positions while your wrist stays in a neutral position(meaning it is not bend). To perform this exercise, do the following: 1.Start with your fingers straight. 2.Make a hook fist and then return to a straight hand. 3.Make a straight fist and then return to a straight hand. 4.Make a full fist andthen return to a straight hand. Hold each positons for seven seconds amd do 10 repetitions. Repeat three times to five timeas a day. Median Nerve Gliding Exercises For median nerve gliding exercises ou move yout thumb through 6 positi0nswhile your wrist stays a neutral position. To perform this exercise, do the following: 1.Begin by making a fist with your wrisat in the neutral position. 2.Straigthen your fingers anad thumb. 3.Bend your wrist back and move your thumb away from your palm 4.Turn your wrist palm up 5.Use your other hand to gently pull uyout thumb farther away from your palm. Hold each position for seven seconds, and do five repetitions. Repeat three ti five times a day. Effectiveness of the Tendon and nerve gliding exercises used as conservative treatment approachesd in relieving the symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.(Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et al.,) Definition Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition caused by compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel leads to sensory changesover the lateral side of the hand and muscle weakness in thenar eminence, results in pain, numbness and tingling of fingers. It usually occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. Aim of Study A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NERVE AND TENDON GLIDING EXERCISES AS TREATMENT APPROACH TO CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME DURING PREGNANCY. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy using Functional Status Scale for performance and Visual Analogue scale for wrist pain. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS There may not be no significance between the nerve and tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Alternate Hypothesis Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme will be effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Review of literature 1.Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et.al Conducted an experiment study on total of 26 patients with caroal tunnel syndrome were divided into two groups. In one group the volar splint were applied and trained to modify their functional activities in accordance witrh conservative treatment. In group two tendon gliding exercises were continued for 4 weeks with numeric rating scale and Gonuiometry. It comcluded that group two reported excellent results in pain reduction and functional improvement than gropup one. 2.Akaline.E.,et.al.,(2002) Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with a total of 28 patients with 36 hands of CTS, which were divided into two groups, with 14 patients each. One group was treated with nerve and tendon gliding exercises along with custom made neutral volar splint, and another group was treataed with only neutral volar splint for 4 weeks continuously. Patientas satisfaction was invesatigated during the follow up ranging from 5-11 month, with a mean of 8 month. The study explained that, of those patients who performed nerve and tendon gliding exercise with wearing custom made neutral volar splint, 93% reported good results, and of those patients who have only wearing neutral volar splint, 72% reported good results. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 2002, Feb;81(2), Pp:108-13). 3.Rosemaryn .L.M., et.al.,(1998) Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with 240 hands, from 197 patients. They were divided into two groups. Patients in both groups were treated with standard conservative methods, and those in one group were also treated with a program of nerve and tendon gliding exercise of those who did not perform the nerve and tendon gliding exercise, 71.2% underwent surgery compared with only 43.0% of patients who did perform them. Patient in experimental group, who did not undergo surgery were interviewed at an average follow-up time of 23 months (range, 14-38 months), of these 53 patients, 47(89%) responded to this detailed interview of those 47, who responded, 70.2% reported good or excellent results, 19.2% remained symptomatic, and 10.6% were non-complaint.(Journal of Hand Therapy, 1998, Jul-Sep:11(3),171-9). 4.Dakowick.A.,(2005) the purpose of the study was to evaluate the usefulness in conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. 40 Patients aged 30-72 years, with unilateral CTS cofirmed by EMG examination were included. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on clinical symptoms according to Whitley. The character of pain, its frequency and intensity (VAS Scale) were determined using parameter. Decrease in pain was observed by the usae of VAS. (Rock Akad Med Bialmyst, 2005:50-suppi:196-8). 5.Bonebrake.A.R.,et.al.,(1990) the study was designed to assess the efficacy of a proposed new and unique programme relative to treatment. The patients diagnosed as CTS were compared to control to a control population showing no symptoms. Prior to undergoing treatment and following completion of the treatment programme. Results indicate that individuals with CTS had significantly lower values in strength, ROM, and slower task performance than did the control;ratings of pain anad distress were also significantly higher than the control groups. Analysis of the post treatmaent cases revealed statistically significant improvements in several measures of up to statistically significant improvements in several measure of up to 25% over post treatment values. Significant improvement was also shown to several ROM measures of upto 22%. Finally, a significant reduction of 15% pain and distress ratings was demonstrated in the post treatment cases. (Journal of Manipulative Physical Therapy, 1994 (May);17(4):246-249). 6.Scrimsha.S.R.,et.al.,(2001) Conducted a comparative study between the responsiveness of Visual analogue scale and McGill pain questionnaire. Measures in 75% patients and concluded that the VAS was a better tool than the McGill pain questionnaire for measuring pain in clinical practise. 7.O.Baysal, Z.Altay et.al Conducted a study in 28 female patient with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of bilateral carapal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 received tendon gliding exercise with splinting. Group 2 received splinting with ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks with Visual analogue scale and Functional status scale. 8.Bringer TL.,Roger IC et.al conducted a randomized trial in totoal of 61 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into four groups. Group 1 received neutral wrist and MCP exercise group. Group 2 received neutral wrist MCP exercise along with splint. Group 3 received wrist cock-up exercise and Group 4 received wrist cock-up exercise and tendon gliding exercise along with splintas perfoarmed 3 times a day. The tool used to asses the function is functional Status Scale and Symptom Severity Scale. There was significant effect in Group4. 9. Sonodyn, Sieman(2000) Conducted an experiment on study of 16 patients. They was treataed with Ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks and the pain was assessed. In this, 88% reported good reasult and reduction pain was assessed by using Visual Analogue Scale. 10. Davis.P.T.,et. al., (1998) Conducted an experimental study to compare the efficiency of conservative management care with chiropractic care in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The group with 9 week of treatment and a 1 month follow-up interview. 96 eligible patients with symptoms were conformend by clinical exam and nerve conduction studies. Conservative treamtment included mobilization of carpal bone, soft tissues, joints (three treatment per week for 2 wee, two treatment per week for 3 week, and one treatment per week for 4 wek). Main outcomes measures were pre and post assessment of self reported physical and mental distress, nerve-conduction studies, results show that there was significant improvement in perceived function and comfort, neve conductuion and finger sensation. (Journal of Manipulative Physiotherapy, 1999 June;22(55);348-9) 11. FD Burke, J Ellis, H McKenna, M J Bradley(2003) Carpal Tunnel syndrome of mild to moderate severity can often be effectively treated in a primary care environment. Work space modifications wrist splints tendon and nerve gliding exercises are of benefit and useful for symptomatic women in the third trimester of pregnancy. 12.Shaafi Sh*, Naimain Sh*, Iromlou H*, Sayyah Melli M** A convenience sample of 90 pregnant women (30 women from each trimester) were referred from Al-Zahra Hospital of the electrodiagnostic ward of examined clinically and then by electroneurodiagnostic tests.There were suspected symptoms of CTS in 45 patients. The most frequent symptom and sign were hands paresthesia(34%) and positive tinel and phalen sign(each22%). CTS was definite diagnosis in 15 women(16.6%) by electroneurodiagnostic studies. Mild bilateral involvement was seen in 73.3% of patients. There was a meaningful relationship between CTAS and trimester that 26.6% of patients were at third trimester. Also there was a meaningful relation to age. The CTS was more frequent in ilder women. 13.BaumannF, Karlikaya G, Yuksel G, Citci B, Kose G, Tireli H(2007) Pregnant women in the third trimesater (n=69) and age-matched non-pregnant women (n=40) asymptomatic for CTS were included in the studyNerve conductn studies of themedian and the ulnar nerves across the carpal tunnel were bilaterally performed with the standard techniques. All the median sensory nerve conduction studies performed from the ring finger and palmar region to the wrist. Median sensory nerve latencies from palmar branches to wrist were significantly longer in the pregnant group.(p 14. OConner.D.,et.al.,(2002) Conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of non surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome versus a placebo or other non-surgical control interventions in improving clinical outcome. Twenty ine trials involving 884 people were included. In one trial involving 21 people carpal bone mobilization significantly improved symptoms after three weeks, (weighted mean difference is -1.43;95% confidence interval is 2.19 to -0.67), compared to no treamtment. Current evidence shows significant short term bebefit from carpal bone mobilization. (Cochrane Databasae syst Rev.2003;(1):CD003219). MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY FULL PAGE MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS USED Couch Chair Pillow Foot stool VAS SCALE FUNCTIONAL STATUS SCALE METHODOLOGY STUDY DESIGN Quasi experimental study with Pre Vs.Post test design. STUDY SAMPLING The 10 samplings were selected from Retna Global Hospital, Trichy and Thanthai Roever College of Physiotherapy, perambalur. A total number of 10 subjects were diagnosed as symptomatic Carpal Tunnel syndrome during pregnancy at age group of years was selected by Quasi-experimental purposive random sampling method after giving due consideration to inclusion and exclusion criteria. STUDY SETTING The study was conducted at Outpatient Physiotherapy Department in Thanthai Roever College of Phsiotherapy, Perambalur, Rathna Global Hospital, EMG Laboratory in PG Studies under the supervision of concerned authority. STUDY DURATION The study was conducted for a period of 4 weeks. INCLUSION CRITERIA Pregnant women with pain and swelling in the wrist for 1 month. Both unilateral and bilateral involvement. Age 25 years and 32 years. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA Non pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women having other complications like hypothyroidism, diabetes which may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Any other trauma related injuries. Abnormal X-Ray of the wrist. Males. Gained surgical of symptoms. History of steroid injection into the carpal tunnel. PARAMETER A.VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE(VAS) The VAS Scale is the valid and reliable measurement tool for pain.It is used to measure the pain response that the patient experience before and after nerve and tendon gliding exercises of median nerve. VAS Scale consists of 10cm horizontal line with two ends labeled as no pain(0) and severe pain(10), the patient will mark a point on the line, which corresponds to the intensity of pain what theyexperience. B.FUNCTIONAL STATAUS SCALE(FSS) Functional Status Scale was used to measure the functional disability offhand. It consists of six items of questionnaire (writing, buttoning of clothes, holding a book while reading, household, carrying grocery bags, bathing and dressing). SCORING 06-12 -No difficulty 13-18 -Mild difficulty 19-24 -Moderate difficulty 25-29 -cannot do at all due to hand or wrist symptoms. PROCEDURE A total of 10 subjects with symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy was selected randomly with due consideration to inclusion an exclusion criteria A brief demonstration was given about tendon and nerve gliding techniques for the patient. Pre test data and post taest data was collected with VAS and FSS Scale. The results were recorded. The subjects weare given nerve and tendon gliding exercises. The results of post test of the same parameter was recorded and compared. Statistical tools The statistical tool used in this study were paired t-test. PAIRED T-TEST à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt-test was used to find out the statistical significance between Pre and Post test values of tendon and nerve gliding exercises and VAS pain response and FSS Scale response before and after treatment. FORMULA: PAIRED T-TEST S= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¿ d =Difference between the Pre Test Vs post Test _ d= Mean difference n=Total number of subjects S=Standard deviation DATA PRESENTATION DATA PRESENTATION TABLE-1 S.No Visual Analogue scale Pre Test Post Test Functional Status Scale Pre Test Post Test 1. 8 4 27 16 2. 7 3 27 12 3. 8 5 26 15 4. 9 4 29 13 5. 7 2 25 15 6. 8 4 25 12 7. 9 3 28 16 8. 7 4 28 16 9. 8 2 27 17 10. 8 3 28 14 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the Datas collected from 10 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy and the effect of nerve and tendon gliding exercises aas a treatment approach to carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy by comparing the VAS Scale for pain response and FSS for functional ability. TABLE II The table II shows the mean value, mean diference, standard deviation and paired t value between pre and post test value of Visual Analogue Scale for patientas whao have been subjected to tendon anad nerve gliding exercises. VAS Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test Post test 7.9 3.4 4.5 1.07 13.28 It explains the paired t value of pre and post test value was 13.28 at 0.05 level of significance which was greate than the tabulated t value 2.26. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference between pre versus post test. The pre test mean was 7.9 the post test mean waas3.4 and the difference was 4.5 which showed that there was a reduction in Visual Analogue Scale score in post test values in which the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. THEREFORE THE STUDY IS REJECTING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS AND ACCEPTING THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS. Graph Visual analogue scale: Pretest VS Post test Series1: Pretest Series2: Posttest Functional Status Scale: Pre test Vs Post Test Series1: Pretest Series2: Posttest TABLE III Table III representas the mean values,mean difference, standard deviation and paired t value of Functional Status Scale who have been subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises. FSS Score Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test Post test 27.1 14.6 12.5 2.22 17.7 It explains the paired t value of pre versus post sessions awas 17.7 at 0.05 level of significance which was greater than the tabulated t value 2.26. this showed that there was a statistical significant difference between the pre and post test resultas. The pr tesat ment was 27.1, the post test ment was 14.6,and the difference was 12.5 which showed that there was a reduction in functional status scale score in post test values in which recovery of the selected samples in response to intervention. Thrrefore the study is rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis. Graph DISCUSSION DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to determine the effect of tendon and nerve gliding excercises in reducing the pain and improving the functional ability of hand in patient with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is most common and significant of all nerve entrapment syndromes (Phalen.G.S. 1972). It causes 20% of all compression syndromes especially in the third trimester of pregnancies. A total number of 10 subjects of age group of 25-32 years were selected for the study. Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Functional Status Scale for functional ability were taken as parameters to measure the affliction of patients. Pre test data has collected for the subjects and computed. They were subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises for 4 weeks. The result of post teat of same parameter was recorded for comparison after 4 weeks of treatment. The paired t test was used to compare the pre VS post test results of subjects. Caarpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition among people who do repetitive wrk all day lke punching keys on computer or cash register or even pressing on the strings of a violin. Pregnant women are also susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome even if they do not type or play msic all day. The studies have shown that one out of four pregnant women complains of the syndrome usually in the second or third trimester of pregnancy when fluid retention in the aarms and hands is more likely to put pressure on the nerve that leads to the hands anad fingers. The nervous system is normally under some pressure and tension. If the tension is breaked there results some movement(Millesi.et.al.1972). Dackowicz . A.,, conducted an study to evaluate the usefulness in conservative treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome. According to Butler neural tissue requires movement to promote healing and restoration of optimum mechanical properties.Decreased neural mobility and adverse mechanical tension in nervous system can generate pain.(Butler and Elvey 1978). Mchellan and Swash in 1976 noted that wrist and fingers extensor wil move the median nerve at wrist 2 or 4 times more than the middle of the upper arm. According to Asgel Enhos tendon requires movement to promote functional ability. Rosmaryn and Asgel Enhos said that the decreased tendon gliding in nervous system can generate pain. Rosmaryn proposed that radicular pain might be mobilizing the involved nerve. The mechanical respose is tendon movement in the cross sectional shape and viscoelastic function. So the treatment of tendon Gliding Exercise mah normalize the pressure gradient around the nervous system and releases the tendon thus reducing pain improving functional ability. Summary Summary The objective of the study was to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of tendon and nerve gliding exercises programmed in reducing pain and of increasing the functional ability in the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. To conduct the study, the total number of 10 carpal tunnel pataients during pregnancy with both unilateral and bilateral involvement at the age group 25 to 32 years, who were suitable for inclusive criteria was selected by Quasi experimental purposive random sampling technique and informed consents were obtained from subjects individually. The pre and post test of VAS and FSS were conducted and recorded before and after treatment programmed for 4 weeks of nerve and tendon gliding exercises inmcarpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. The paired t test is used to compare the pre and post test values of nerve anad tendon gliding exercises and the pain and functional ability are computed by the VAS and FSS Scale. In the analysis and interpretation of the data based on the Visual Analogue Scale for pain the paired t- test value (13.28), which was greater than the tabulated paired t test val

Stones Cynicism Exposed in Natural Born Killers :: Movie Film Essays

Stone's Cynicism Exposed in Natural Born Killers As a hardworking college student living (without a TV) in this impenetrable Gothic galaxy, I am usually quite oblivious to popular culture. I was not even aware of the barrage of hype surrounding the release of Natural Born Killers. My attention was directed belatedly to the movie by a letter from a friend in which she lamented the present state of humanity - or lack thereof. And yet, I still stayed away from the movie for over a month despite my knowledge that it would be at the very least thought-provoking. I've learned that I have not been desensitized to images of violence, perhaps because of my earlier-mentioned insulation from pop culture. However, I was intent on listening to what Oliver Stone had to say. So last night I spent the entire 100+ minutes of the film curled in my seat, my head in my hands. Now that I've seen the movie, I'm left with questions_questions which kept my body shifting in bed all last night and my mind shifting from work all day today. Questions about life, death, humanity, and efficacy. Big questions, giant_the kind that could keep me in my own world for weeks if they weren't constantly forcing me to look at the world around me. This is an article of questions, of seeking answers, of wondering if, indeed, there are answers. Stone's film is extreme in every way. Extreme in its violence. Extreme in its visual imagery, flashing hyper-speed bits of reality which don't quite register in one's mind. Extreme in its sit-com presentation of an abusive family as the ordinary stuff of entertainment. Extreme in its depiction of mass-murderers revered as icons of popular culture. Extreme in the banality with which the killers approach their crime. Perhaps this extremity is what caused me to react so strongly to the film at first. The impact has by now lost its initial force, and I'm able to attempt to evaluate that impact. I feel ambivalent about the success of the movie, and by success, I mean neither monetary value nor entertainment value. I mean whether or not Stone was effective in conveying his message. In my estimation, he definitely had a message. It seems impossible to me that anyone could exit this movie not understanding that Stone is criticizing the glorification of violence. If the Stone's Cynicism Exposed in Natural Born Killers :: Movie Film Essays Stone's Cynicism Exposed in Natural Born Killers As a hardworking college student living (without a TV) in this impenetrable Gothic galaxy, I am usually quite oblivious to popular culture. I was not even aware of the barrage of hype surrounding the release of Natural Born Killers. My attention was directed belatedly to the movie by a letter from a friend in which she lamented the present state of humanity - or lack thereof. And yet, I still stayed away from the movie for over a month despite my knowledge that it would be at the very least thought-provoking. I've learned that I have not been desensitized to images of violence, perhaps because of my earlier-mentioned insulation from pop culture. However, I was intent on listening to what Oliver Stone had to say. So last night I spent the entire 100+ minutes of the film curled in my seat, my head in my hands. Now that I've seen the movie, I'm left with questions_questions which kept my body shifting in bed all last night and my mind shifting from work all day today. Questions about life, death, humanity, and efficacy. Big questions, giant_the kind that could keep me in my own world for weeks if they weren't constantly forcing me to look at the world around me. This is an article of questions, of seeking answers, of wondering if, indeed, there are answers. Stone's film is extreme in every way. Extreme in its violence. Extreme in its visual imagery, flashing hyper-speed bits of reality which don't quite register in one's mind. Extreme in its sit-com presentation of an abusive family as the ordinary stuff of entertainment. Extreme in its depiction of mass-murderers revered as icons of popular culture. Extreme in the banality with which the killers approach their crime. Perhaps this extremity is what caused me to react so strongly to the film at first. The impact has by now lost its initial force, and I'm able to attempt to evaluate that impact. I feel ambivalent about the success of the movie, and by success, I mean neither monetary value nor entertainment value. I mean whether or not Stone was effective in conveying his message. In my estimation, he definitely had a message. It seems impossible to me that anyone could exit this movie not understanding that Stone is criticizing the glorification of violence. If the

Applying Behavioral Theory to an Innovative School-Based Program for Preventing Underage Drinking and Impaired Driving

Edwena Corley African American Future A Review and Analysis of the American Journal of Health Studies’ Article Applying Behavioral Theory to an Innovative School-Based Program For Preventing Underage Drinking and Impaired Driving Diane Everett September 24, 2012 The article yields to the dangerous reality that underage drinking is a problem. The article further notes that it is also met publicity that peaks and shifts throughout decades.Currently all drunk drivers are being targeted on a national scale, but teen driving is not being addressed head on as it had been previously. One model and theory, the transtheoretical model and the social cognitive theory, were presented within the article in an effort to explain why underage drinking takes place and also why adolescents who have been drinking, regardless of whether or not they are intoxicated, believe that they are able to function and drive at the same rate and with the same control as when they are sober.They also present solutions at interpersonal and community levels. The interpersonal level of change seeks to alter peer influence and the community level promotes positive behaviors such as abstaining from alcohol and denounces negative behaviors such as drinking and driving. The latter is generally presented in the form of real life scenarios. Price et al. (2009) notes that alcohol is the premier drug of choice for adolescents, with the onset of underage drinking occurring, on average, around age 13.In 2001, 13% percent of high school students reported operating a vehicle on one of more occasions after or while drinking alcohol, and 31% reported being a passenger to a peer who had been drinking. These statistics are startling but not as much as the following facts derived from that same year: 3,608 drivers between the ages of 15 and 20 were killed and an additional 337,000 were injured in car crashes. Approximately 25% of drivers between the ages of 16 and 19 who are killed in crashes were legally intoxicated.Peer pressure, the liberal attitudes that parents possess toward underage drinking, and also the concentrated levels of alcohol advertising campaigns have been identified as roots causes of underage drinking. Some parents believe it is acceptable if their children and their friends drink as long as they are purchasing the alcohol for them, and are monitoring their use of the substance in home (Price et al. , 2009). The article mentions a program known as Shattered Dreams sought to weed out the issues or variables that influence underage drinking.The data gathered from this program was used to bring about awareness and offer solutions. The transtheoretical model that the authors propose for the execution of combative solution to the issue of underage drinking and driving has five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The precontemplation stage deals with the subject being in denial about their problematic behavior, while in the co ntemplation stage the subject realizes that a problem exists, however they have not yet begun to take steps toward correcting the issue(s) at hand.The preparation stage acts a mile marker because it is suggestive of the subject actually making a conscious decision to change their problematic behavior by utilizing their newly acquire skills and continuing to learn new skills that are conducive to more effective and continuous change. The action stage speaks for itself, as the subject then begins to put into motion the new behaviors that will replace the negative behaviors. Maintenance, the final stage of the transtheoretical model, focuses on consistency (Price et al. 2009). Teenagers, more than any other group of people believe that they are invincible, which is why underage drinking and driving is an issue; it is also why sexually transmitted diseases spread rapidly throughout high schools, and why teenage pregnancy is continuing to spiral out of control. Teenagers are often in den ial for multiple reasons; the primary reason being not wanting to feel vulnerable. The admittance of fault makes an individual feel as though they are inferior of someone or something.Admitting that one’s underage drinking is an issue could also mean no longer bring viewed as cool or part of the in crowd, because peer pressure plays a huge role in teenage social interactions. To overcome denial still does not mean that one is ready to go forth in terms of discontinuing their drinking, or drinking and opting to find a designated driver. The ultimate goal of the teenager should be to abstain because they have yet to reach the age of maturity in their state where if they would then be lawful to purchase alcohol.When an underage driver decides to abstain from alcohol altogether because they are aware that it is a crime, they must also realize that drinking and getting behind the wheel of a motor vehicle is hazardous to themselves, and also anyone else with whom they share the roa d. When applying the transtheoretical model to underage drinking and driving, precontemplation occurs when the underage person realizes that they are endangering the lives of many, but they still drink due to both obvious and unforeseen reasons (i. e. peer pressure and/or undiagnosed depression).If the adolescent suffers from depression that is unfounded to a healthcare professional, they may choose to participate in other problematic behaviors which cause them to be further engulfed in a lifestyle that will prove to be even more complicated to change. The contemplation stage may be reached when something monumental transpires, such as a close friend dying in a car accident because they too chose to drink and drive. This stage brings about a sense of urgency to change, be it brought on by fear or a true desire to change.Whatever the matter, the individual will benefit if they are willing to take the steps to help themselves. When undergoing the preparation stage the at-risk adolesce nt may seek help from a parent by asking them to set up an appointment with a therapist, depending on the severity of the alcohol related behaviors. If the drinking has reached a very reckless stage then the adolescent may meet with their parent and a healthcare professional to discuss being admitted to an institution. The action stage would consist of the teen actually going to a session of therapy.Furthermore, if the therapist proposes that the client also attend alcoholic anonymous (AA) meetings, they would be wise to attend as it compliments their treatment. If the teen is aware that they need to be in an alcohol treatment facility they would follow through with their plan to be admitted on their admit date. The most important part of the action stage is the maintenance stage because they go hand in hand. Attending only one therapy session and one AA meeting will not help or heal the issue. To be consistent with one’s treatment insures far more belief in oneself to abstai n for newly introduced reasons.The maintenance stage within an alcohol treatment facility is both simple and complex in nature. While in the facility the professionals house therein will see to it that mandatory sobriety is maintained, but the tricky part is remaining abstinent upon one’s release from the institution. The way that the social cognitive theory (SCT) fits into this model is simple. It climbs through all of the stages, rearranging the social aspects of it and calling for a sense of initiative in maintaining self-efficacy. According to Bandura (1986) and Price et al. 2009) social cognitive theory (SCT) assumes that people, their behavior, and their environments interact continuously and that specific mediators facilitate behavioral change. Thus if peer pressure is the root of underage drinking, then modifying of social spheres is necessary, but due to the self-efficacy aspect, it is the prerogative of the subject or adolescent to denounce troublesome friendships a nd establish new healthy ones. It is in no way possible to undergo treatment and continue to hang out with peers who drink and drive.Even if the new-found abstinent teen continues to act as a passenger to the intoxicated party, they may lose their lives in a fatal accident as a result. The specific mediators that are to encourage the behavioral evolution of the subject would be the aforementioned healthcare professions, parents, or a combination of both. While drinking and driving will more than likely continue to be a problem the ages, the best way to tackle it is to bring about a sense of enlightenment and urgency among teens.This has been done through preliminary findings that are indicative of improved student awareness of the risks and consequences of underage drinking and driving and suggested that students' expectations about alcohol use were less positive after participation in the program (Price et al. , 2009). Furthermore, other programs, in certain states and school distr icts across the nation vehicles that have been involved in drunk driving accidents have been approved for placement outside of high school, on the lawn or next to the signage While some students view it as a scare tactic, it is proven to work for others.The students who are unfazed by it, perceive it as a prop, but the horror is that those same individuals who do not accept the change that is imperative to protect their family, friends and ultimately themselves will more than likely end up dying in one of those cars; thereafter their vehicle or the vehicle of their victim being placed outside someone else’s school. The overall goal of this article was to urge helping professionals to bring to light the issue of underage drinking and driving but approach it as hinting that the student involved have an issue and leaving them to evolve on their own.This is because teenagers generally warm up to positive behavior faster and are more apt to accept participate in said behaviors, if they believe it was their idea, versus it being forced upon them.Bibliography Price, M. A. , Salazar, C. I. , Villarreal, C. L. , Guerra, C. M. , Villarreal, R. , ;amp; Stewart, R. M. (2009). Applying Behavioral Theory To an Innovative School-Based Program For Preventing Underage Drinking and Impaired. American Journal of Health Studies, 24(1), 223-231. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Hcs 325

Week – 3 Importance of Teams Murugareddy Pattiputtur University of Phoenix HCS/325 Dawn Sienkiewicz November 10, 2012 Abstract Teams are formed when individuals with a common taste, preference, liking, and attitude come and work together for a common goal. Teams play a very important role in organizations as well as our personal lives. Teamwork is essential for competing in today's global arena, where individual perfection is not as desirable as a high level of collective performance.In knowledge based enterprises, teams are the norm rather than the exception. A critical feature of these teams is that they have a significant degree of empowerment, or decision-making authority. There are many different kinds of teams: top management teams, focused task forces, self-directed teams, concurrent engineering teams, product/service development and/or launch teams, quality improvement teams, and so on. Importance of Teams Introduction: â€Å"Coming together is a beginning. Keeping to gether is progress.Working together is success-Henry Ford† The above proverb by Henry Ford highlights the importance of working together in teams. Team work is very essential as every employee will be dependent on his fellow employees to work together and contribute efficiently to the organization. No employee can work alone; he has to take the help of his colleagues to accomplish the tasks efficiently. It has been observed that the outcome comes out to be far better when employees work in a team rather than individually as every individual can contribute in his best possible way.In organizations, individuals having a similar interest and specializations come together on a common platform and form a team. Teamwork is essential in the provision of healthcare. The division of labor among medical, nursing and allied health practitioners means that no single professional can deliver a complete episode of healthcare. In healthcare, where patient outcomes are dependent on effective interdisciplinary teamwork, there is need for better preparation of health professionals in teamwork.To improve the efficiency and customer service in my department, I would first identify and define the problem; secondly I would try generating and evaluating alternate and possible courses of action to understand in which areas they would need help on, thirdly based on a situation choosing a preferred and a relevant solution will be given, fourthly the solution will be implemented and finally to evaluate the results to see the outcomes.Teams are essential to health care because it has been suggested that â€Å"each team member's abilities, skills experience, attitudes, values, role perceptions and personality – all the things that make a person unique and they also determine what they are willing and able to contribute, their level of motivation, methods of interaction with other group members and degree of acceptance of group norms and the organization's goals†Teamwor k is important in industries like aviation to ensure flights land safely, the military uses it to protect the country, finance professionals need to practice it to keep the nation’s economy running smoothly, the auto racing unit teamwork is essential to change all 4 tires by a team. Overall, in any industry that requires reliable human performance, teamwork is a necessity. Lessons from other industries in healthcare: Teamwork in industries like aviation, healthcare, military and other industries is extremely important and crucial as reliability of human erformance is needed. It is important because the consequences of an error is very severe in those industries. A major chunk of errors is because of communication and teamwork problems. Teamwork is not only effective at saving lives but also to ensure the organization does well and is competitive , if not you lose the competitive edge overtime and eventually disappear from the market. Planning is an important organization proc ess required for problem solving. Successful managing requires thorough planning.Planning is the process of deciding exactly what you, your team, or your department wants to accomplish and how to best go about meeting your goals. Planning is the foundation on which all other managerial responsibilities rest. Health care organizations face pressures and challenges from many sources, all of which increase the importance of good planning. In today’s ever-changing work environment, good planning offers a number of benefits and advantages for your employees, your teammates, and even your own career.The 5 steps to planning which supports problem solving are: Step 1: Identify and define the problem – Problem symptoms usually signal the presence of a performance deficiency or opportunity. During this step, it’s important to assess the situation properly by looking beyond symptoms to find out what is really happening. Step 2: Generate and evaluate possible courses of act ion – At this stage, Involving others during this planning stage is critical in order to develop a range of solutions, get the most out of available information, and build future commitment for the plan.Step 3: Choose a preferred solution – At this stage, its important to make a decision and select a particular course of action. Exactly how you make a decision and who may need to weigh in on the decision varies for each planning situation Step 4: Implement the solution – At this stage, it’s important to establish and implement appropriate actions to meet your final goal. This is the stage at which you finally set directions and initiate problem-solving actions. Step 5: Evaluate results – And finally at this stage, it’s necessary to compare the accomplishments with the original objectives.If the desired results are not achieved, the process must be reviewed and renewed to allow for corrective actions References Lombardi, D. N. , & Schermerhor n, J. R. (2007). Health care management: Tools and techniques for managing in a health care environment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Farrington, J. (2008). The importance of working together with your team. Retrieved from http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/the-importance-of-working-together-with-your-team. html Kotelnikov, V. (2010, November 22). Team building & teamwork. Retrieved from http://www. 000ventures. com/business_guide/crosscuttings/team_main. html Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology, Inc (2012) Retrieved from http://www. siop. org/Media/News/teamwork. aspx Salas E, Rozell, Drew, Mullen B, Driskell JE (1999). The effect of team building on performance: an integration. Small Group Research.. Knight D, Durham CC, Locke EA (2001)- The relationship of team goals, incentives, and efficacy to strategic risk, tactical implementation and performance. Academy of Management Journal. *************************

Media violence and agression essays

Media violence and agression essays Within the past few decades there has been a growing concern about exposure to media violence. Many people have directly associated aggression and hostile thoughts to the viewing of, or participation in, violent media. It is now abundant in many forms: movies, music, video games, television shows, and even newscasts. The question is whether it changes us negatively as humans. If not, then it is obviously harmless. Then we could go on not paying any attention to the increase of intense and realistic violence within todays media. But the more probable answer is yes; it has, is, and will continue to affect us. There is a lot more to worry about now than there was twenty years ago. The world continues to evolve technologically, escalating our ability and probability to be exposed to such violence. For example, soldiers in Iraq have cameras strapped to their helmets, displaying an in-war perspective on local news stations, which we would otherwise not have. This is a vast evolution from t he sketchy news broadcasts and day to day speculation of North American civilians during the World Wars. Is this opened door a benefit, or is society being exposed to something it should not be? The same question can be asked about video games; one of the worlds most widespread hobbies. As well, movies and television are other explicitly violent culprits. All this too say that there are many violent sources available to people of all ages. And, if aggression is nourished within those who are exposed to these sources, then the world is heading in a dangerous direction. The cognitive learning theory suggests that, humans have underlying thought processes; therefore, having the ability to respond to situations based on thoughts, memory, and the way information is processed (Feldman). An example of this is, knowing how to drive a car without having ever done it before. One may observe their parent driving, and thereby obtain the basic skills requi...

THE SHIPS OF WWII Essays - Philippines, Battleship, Light Cruiser

THE SHIPS OF WWII Essays - Philippines, Battleship, Light Cruiser THE SHIPS OF WWII World War II was the largest naval war in history. It was also the largest air war in history, but that's another story...Ships that fought in the second world war established technology, and patterns that would be used throughout the 20th century. thousands of ideas that would have never been tried on ships during peace time were applied in the then emergency state of the world. Different color writing than black indicates a link, click on it to learn more about. see picture of that topic. . Battleships. Well into the twentieth century Battleships were the most feared vessel in the sea. They were by those days standards very large, weighing in at a minimum of 20,000tons. Their armor was enormous in some cases 12 inch thick belts of steel along their sides! They were armed with 8 to 12 of the heaviest caliber cannon possible the largest of these were18.1 inchers that shot shells that weighed 3,200 lbs. To counter the threat of surface attack from light and extremely fast torpedoe boats was countered with a secondary armament, the mini gun. Which today has evolved into the phalanx gun system, which is a last resort point-defense weapon. There are three main types of battleships. The lightest of these being the battlecruiser. These were usually very light and therebye very fast. To obtain this maneuverability, they gave up a lot of armor, although they still had a deadly armament. These forms of battleships proved very unaffective. They were too light to do battle with a true battleship. and their speed mattered not against aircraft. Plus they were very expensive because of the engines, and light weight material they used. Thus, making them not only an east target, but a good one too. By the end of the war, only 1 of the 40 or so of these ships that were built was still in service. Next up from these we have the battleship battleships. These were the regular old descendents of the ship of the line, back from the day of Admiral Nelson, and John Paul Jones. They usuall weighed from 17,000 tons to 21,000. They were of medium armor, medium speed, and medium armament. But one must keep in mind that they were anything but a medium/normal ship. These ships were before the age of the carrier, the second most feared ship on the seas, as they carried roughly a dozen 12 inchers, and 1/2 a dozen 5 inchers. One step above this, and the king of all kings was the battlewagons. These were the equivelant of the 19th century Flag Ship. They were expensive, big, and could take an unbelievable amount of damage without going down. The two/three most famous of these were the USS Iowa, and the JIN(Japanese Imperial Navy)Yamato. 4 Yamato class battleships were scheduled to be made, but only 2 were, before the japanes realized that for the same price they could have 3 Shimanto class carriers including planes. The Yamato was 244 (800ft, 2 1/2)football fields meters long, had 9 18.1 inch guns! 12 6.1 inchers, for use against smaller, quicker ships, and 12 5 inchers, foruse as an Anti Aircraft, or Surface gun. Its crew was 2,500 strong. And it had 16.1 inch thick armor belting around its waterline. The Yamato class battleships are the biggest ever made. But they were not the best. The best was the USS Iowa. which was the last battleship ever to fire a shot in time of war. Doing so in the Persian Gulf as a part of Operation Desert Storm. The Uss Iowa was longer than the Yamato, went 7 knots faster (32 knots) and at the same time had roughly the same armament, and armor(a little smaller in both categories...9 16inchers, 13 inch belt). Cruisers Cruisers were and are the descendant of frigayes from the navies of past. Cruisers were much smaller than Battleships, but at the same time 2 or 3 times larger than a destroyer. Cruisers more than anything were to show the flag in places where locals needed to be impressed, as they otherwise did not have near as well defined role as the battleships, or destroyers. Their only real

My media life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My media life - Essay Example Cellular phones, iPads, netbooks or any mobile device has afforded me the portability of communications not possible before any of these devices entered the consumer electronics market and makes life fulfilling. The sheer amount of information that is today available out there makes me selective on which media outlets that I visit and patronize. After all, there are only 24 hours in a day so that I have to allocate my time efficiently on what sites to visit and which media outlet to use. A person has to be very discriminating as well with regards to the information available, as it is not possible to regard everything and every bit of information posted on the Internet as very reliable. In other words, there is a pressing need for some form of content curation which will verify whether information is true or not; the rest of information out there may not be much of a worth or anything if it has not been verified or undergone some form of editing. Any person must be very discriminating indeed when it comes to getting information from some sources. I spend a considerable sum on my media access, which can be divided into television on cable and on Internet access with broadband connections. It is vital for me that I get a real moneys worth on what I am paying for but as mentioned before, I have to be very selective in the sites and sources of my information which I access almost on a daily basis. This means I get what I pay for in terms of entertainment, news information, specific knowledge on some topics for my research purposes, whatever this may be, and connecting with my friends and family in far-flung places. This means all my information sources must be reliable to a degree where I can assume everything that I read about is reliable, that information has been vetted. The Information Age has given way to the newer

Internation Monetary Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internation Monetary Economics - Essay Example Therefore, there is a necessity of change. For this issues arising to be resolved, the whole system have to be reformed with much consideration on current international economics. The main purpose for addressing this paper is to spot the lessons that have been learnt from the international systems currency b policy makers. It further tries to apply what has been learnt to solve the euro crisis. The paper focuses on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Introduction The exiting crisis in the international scene may be ultimately bottoming out. ... The shortcomings of international systems of finance are noticeable in the current crisis. If one talks about the consequences, solutions and causes to the crisis, it is not possible to think of adaptation of international systems of finance to international economic configuration. In fact, from the moment the institution of Bretton woods was created, at the time crises were faced by most countries, there was discussion by policymakers on those institutions’ adequacy, possible alterations and their toolkits’ improvement. The main reason for this addressing the paper is focus on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Lessons learnt For more than two years in the past, the international economy has experienced the most extended crisis from the time of great depression. Turmoil in finance re ached its worst level as 2008 fell. Before then, it had begun in the housing market of the U.S in 2007 during the summer time. It then spread gradually to the international economy and most parts of America. The channel through which the crisis followed is length. To start with, it went through the linkages of financial sectors like the investments on cross-border on derivatives ofcredit.In most part of 2008, growth of the economy seemed held up, specifically in market countries that emerged. These markets gave rise to decoupling debate. Nevertheless, towards the end of the same year, spill of the financial turmoil began to the real economy. This led to a dramatic flop in economic activity, international demand and international trade all over the globe.

East Asia Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

East Asia Past and Present - Essay Example The membership has expanded to ten countries that include Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Brunei and Vietnam. East Asia had experienced decades of internal conflicts and economic depression, but the formation of ASEAN enabled sub-regional cooperation and trade liberalization (Borthwick 71). The main three pillars include economic growth and cooperation, social progress, and political-security. The model of security and stability in the region attained high success and ASEAN started playing a major security role in even beyond Southeast Asia. The security matters in Southeast Asian countries encompass various political, economic, social, cultural and military dimensions and ASEAN has utilized regional cooperation in order to further peaceful external environment and allow the member states to concentrate on their domestic development priorities (Borthwick 29). ASEAN was a focus of rivalry and competition between the US and Soviet Union, but ASEAN preferred regional solutions by declaring the r egion as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in 1995 (Holcombe 241). ASEAN rise to greater importance in East Asia affairs has been facilitated by the ASEAN Free Trade Area that aims at enhancing the competitive advantage of local manufacturing. The region has signed free trade agreements with China, Japan, Australia and India that aim boosting economic growth in the community. The free trade agreements have led to consistent growth in member states GDP by between 4 percent to 7 percent since the end of Cold War. The region has benefited from technology transfer and e-commerce evolution since member states like Malaysia and Singapore account for more than 50 percent of e-commerce transactions in the entire region (Borthwick 81). The economic community is committed to equitable economic development and integration with the global economy as demonstrated by the consistent reduction in import duties (Borthwick 112). ASEAN member states

Gowers Crisps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gowers Crisps - Essay Example Firstly the company has to arrange for outside suppliers for additional quantities of potatoes. Secondly it will require more employees and space to enhance its processing facility that consists of hand frying. Lastly it will need to have a marketing strategy to sell this higher quantity of the product to new customers in a wider area. Amongst them marketing strategy is the most important as the company has not required it for arriving at the present status. But now it cannot do without giving it the due importance. Markets are heterogeneous and are created by reasons of different values, needs wants, constraints, beliefs and incentives. Customers differ in their values and perceptions and want to purchase things that have value for them. Value is not just the monetary part, but also the usefulness and emotions that with go with it. The need and want play a great role in determining this value. The price actually determines the location from which this purchase will be made. An important method of finding the competitiveness is by using the Five Force Analysis devised by Porter M.E. (1985), often called the Porter’s five force analysis. This will help the management to devise appropriate marketing strategy to take care of vital issues. Porter divides the competitive environment into five forces of ‘powers’, these are Power of buyers, Power of suppliers, Threat of new entrants, Threat of substitutes, Intensity of rivalry between existing firms. (Porter, M. E.1985) iii Promotion. Image plays a very important role. Whether it is the image of the product which enhances value or status or the image of the buyer when he acquires a product, both factors are extremely important for the buyer in arriving at a purchase decision. In recent years the 4P concept has come under criticism and as a result different marketing mixes have been put forward by Kotler P,. (1986);

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East Asia Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East Asia Past and Present - Essay Example Similarly, historical assessment and analysis from the perspective of a specific nation requires recognizing major events which occurred in the country’s history. Therefore, by identifying the key historical events which occurred in Japan between the period of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, this paper highlights how these events contributed to the challenges posed by the modern Western world in order to examine the mechanism through which Japan responded to these challenges and why it chose to do so. The challenges posed by the modern Western world during the period of the late 19th century while, progressing towards the 20th century was characterized by the acquisition of superior military prowess and alliance. The influence of this factor meant that the political scenario during the period was dominated by Western powers. This aspect of the analysis aims to incorporate the political and militia factors which contributed towards the shaping of world affairs during the time and the manner in which they posed challenges. Most importantly, during the early 20th century Japan combated against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The implications of this war transpired in a positive fashion for Japan as it military skills and techniques enabled the country to hold a superior position amongst Asian nations. Similarly, Holcombe states that Japan’s military prowess intriguingly did not coincide with widespread economic or technological progress, for example, the nation was only able to initiate significant infrastructure developments in 1872 with the launch of the railways yet, the military strength of the country was rising despite of these claims (227). In the period between 1880 and 1905, Japan achieved three critical military milestones, the production of locally produced rifles in 1880, becoming a

Gowers Crisps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gowers Crisps - Essay Example Firstly the company has to arrange for outside suppliers for additional quantities of potatoes. Secondly it will require more employees and space to enhance its processing facility that consists of hand frying. Lastly it will need to have a marketing strategy to sell this higher quantity of the product to new customers in a wider area. Amongst them marketing strategy is the most important as the company has not required it for arriving at the present status. But now it cannot do without giving it the due importance. Markets are heterogeneous and are created by reasons of different values, needs wants, constraints, beliefs and incentives. Customers differ in their values and perceptions and want to purchase things that have value for them. Value is not just the monetary part, but also the usefulness and emotions that with go with it. The need and want play a great role in determining this value. The price actually determines the location from which this purchase will be made. An important method of finding the competitiveness is by using the Five Force Analysis devised by Porter M.E. (1985), often called the Porter’s five force analysis. This will help the management to devise appropriate marketing strategy to take care of vital issues. Porter divides the competitive environment into five forces of ‘powers’, these are Power of buyers, Power of suppliers, Threat of new entrants, Threat of substitutes, Intensity of rivalry between existing firms. (Porter, M. E.1985) iii Promotion. Image plays a very important role. Whether it is the image of the product which enhances value or status or the image of the buyer when he acquires a product, both factors are extremely important for the buyer in arriving at a purchase decision. In recent years the 4P concept has come under criticism and as a result different marketing mixes have been put forward by Kotler P,. (1986);

East Asia Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East Asia Past and Present - Essay Example Similarly, historical assessment and analysis from the perspective of a specific nation requires recognizing major events which occurred in the country’s history. Therefore, by identifying the key historical events which occurred in Japan between the period of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, this paper highlights how these events contributed to the challenges posed by the modern Western world in order to examine the mechanism through which Japan responded to these challenges and why it chose to do so. The challenges posed by the modern Western world during the period of the late 19th century while, progressing towards the 20th century was characterized by the acquisition of superior military prowess and alliance. The influence of this factor meant that the political scenario during the period was dominated by Western powers. This aspect of the analysis aims to incorporate the political and militia factors which contributed towards the shaping of world affairs during the time and the manner in which they posed challenges. Most importantly, during the early 20th century Japan combated against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The implications of this war transpired in a positive fashion for Japan as it military skills and techniques enabled the country to hold a superior position amongst Asian nations. Similarly, Holcombe states that Japan’s military prowess intriguingly did not coincide with widespread economic or technological progress, for example, the nation was only able to initiate significant infrastructure developments in 1872 with the launch of the railways yet, the military strength of the country was rising despite of these claims (227). In the period between 1880 and 1905, Japan achieved three critical military milestones, the production of locally produced rifles in 1880, becoming a

Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana Essay Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana The legalization of marijuana has become a mainstream issue that the nation has become highly concerned about in recent years. Lately more and more conservative opposers have begun to change their minds, realizing the benefits of marijuana. Debate followers go as far as saying that it is no longer a question of if marijuana will be legalized, but when. The shift in viewpoints is due to the increasing awareness of some of the positive effects legalizing marijuana could have on the country. Pro-legalization advocates argue that the benefits of legalizing marijuana greatly outnumber the benefits of keeping it illegal. There are several, very different arguments for the pro-pot stance advocates have taken. They claim legalization would be beneficial by causing a significant reduction in crime (which would empty prisons and save millions of dollars in tax money), creating a new industry that can be taxed and regulated, boosting the economy, and a new, effective, and low-dependency medicine. These benefits seem to be universally desired by the pro-pot party and are often mentioned in literature advocating marijuana legalization. Another similarity in arguments usually revolves around the issue of medical marijuana. Some advocates call for marijuana to be completely legalized, including use for recreational purposes, but this is opposed in most cases. Some advocates only want marijuana legalization if there will be strict regulations and restrictions on who can use it. In the article â€Å"Weed All About It,† Gary Cartwright gives ample evidence and quotations from experts that form his pro legalization argument: â€Å"In 1988 the Drug Enforcement Administrations chief law judge declared that ‘marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest  therapeutically active substances known to man’ (87). Cartwright goes into specific ways that legalization of marijuana could benefit the country,  including the economical and societal impacts, and medicinal use. He also addresses questions most advocates ten to shy away from because of the lack of certainty in the answer (like, â€Å"Would marijuana use increase if it was legalized?†). One similarity of Cartwright’s stance and other articles is the the claim that prohibiting the use of marijuana is unconstitutionally, and making the government seem like the bad guy. In â€Å"Medical Marijuana 2010: It’s Time to Fix the Regulatory Vacuum,† Peter Cohen claims that restricting doctors from recommending marijuana to alleviate symptoms is a violation of free speech and that â€Å"science, not ideology, should be dispositive† (3). Cohen continues to set up the government as the villain by describing two seemingly non-coincidental events in which fullyfunded teams of qualified scientists were  denied access o marijuana by the DEA, while simultaneously being supported by a long list of research organizations An argument in the article, â€Å"Obama, the Fourteenth Amendment and the Drug War,† by Martin D. Carcie uses the Constitution as the backbone in justifying its position. According to Carcie, marijuana prohibition directly violates our Fourteenth Amendment, â€Å"under the Fourteenth Amendment, bodily autonomy i.e., the control over the borders and contents of one’s body burdened by laws like marijuana prohibitionis a fundamental right† (308). Cartwright does not explicitly mention the Constitution in his article, but makes the same claim that Cohen and Carcie make; â€Å"Some people will use drugs no matter what the consequences, butthe user primarily harms himself. When he harms others, we do something about it, just as  we arrest those who drink and drive† (Cartwright 88). Cartwright also builds the government up to be the villain, claiming that, â€Å"Over time, law enforcement officials have repeatedly misled the public and the media about the so=c alled scourge of drugs† (Cartwright 88). Both authors do this to give the reader the ability to look at the article with a blank slate. They know their audience is anti-legalization, so they want to make sure that the readers know, before they choose a stance, they’ve been lied to. This makes  the authors seem like more trustworthy and rational choice. By using the Constitution to back up their arguments, there is no real way to justify anti-legalization. Assumptions will be made that you’re anti-Constitution, and in turn, anti-American. Another similarity between Cartwright’s stance and other arguments for marijuana legalization is the huge emphasis on the effects it will have on the economy. In the article â€Å"Up In Smoke,† Kelley Beaucar Vlahos describes the economic benefits of legalization, while giving real number estimates of how much revenue could be brought in or saved. She writes, â€Å"Proponents of Prop 19 claimed taxes on legalized cannabis could bring upwards of $1.4 billion in to beleaguered state coffers† (Vlahos 18). Cartwright does this in his article as well, stating that â€Å"In America, we spend nearly $8 billion trying to enforce the laws prohibiting the use and possesson of marijuana† (Cartwright 86). Cartwright further supports this argument by providing more proof of the waste of taxpayers’ dollars, stating that â€Å"in Texas, 97 percent of all marijuana arrests are for simple possessionan ounce or lessat a cost to taxpayers of $480 million a year† (86). Cartwright chooses to provide the reader with these statistics for deliberate reasons: it provides a shock factor that he utilizes to sway the reader’s opinions. Vlahos also uses this same technique by including several statistics. This is much more effective than giving ambiguous amounts, like â€Å"a lot or â€Å"millions† because giving an exact estimate shows that there has been a significant amount of research about the economic benefits of marijuana, making the reader more likely to trust the numbers. By using the phrase â€Å"simple possession,† Cartwright builds up the worth of the money spent by making it seem like possession is harmless, forcing the reader to feel indignant. The authors also choose to talk about the economy because it is the highest concern of the counrty right now, and they present marijuana as an instant solution. The argument for the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes in Cohen’s article is consisten with Cartwright’s article as well. Cohen’s article is mainly about the benefits of marijuana as a medicine. In the article, he disproves the government’s claim that marijuana has no therapeutic value and describes specific symptoms marijuana could help with, â€Å"Several studies publishedhave demonstrated that the drug is sage and  effective in controlling nausea and other adverse effects of chemotherapy, relieving multiple sclerosis-induced spasticity, easing certain types of pain, and ameliorating weight loss accompanying AIDS† (Cohen 657). Cartwright does the same thing using more of an emotional technique by describing a group of people in wheelchairs that use marijuana for relief from pain. Both articles advocate for medical marijuana, but the way they go about making their arguments differ. Cohen approaches the topic of medical marijuana more scientifically than Cartwright does, using several studies and scientific evidence as his argument’s support. Cohen is also much more specific in the particular ways marijuana can be used, and provides suggestions on how to regulate the drug. The reader automatically feels sympathy for the people in wheelchairs and they become victims in the reader’s mind. Cartwright also gives a second example of a quadriplegic man that was thrown into jail for possession without regard for his medical needs, further establishing a feeling of empathy from his audience. Cohen uses such an ample amount of hard evidence it’s impossible not to trust him. By doing this, Cohen reaches out to his specific audience, the American Medical Association, in a much more effective way. The topic of marijuana legalization is very complex. The multiple points of views, though sharing the same goal, differ regarding how to succeed at accomplishing those goals and for what purpose. Through the different means that each of these authors use to convey their message, they all, in the end, support their individual arguments effectively.

Microorganisms in Waste Water Treatment Process

Microorganisms in Waste Water Treatment Process When people think of microorganisms, they tend to think of unsafe pathogens. While this may be of concern there are beneficial microorganisms living ubiquitously around us as well. Microorganisms that live in air, soil, and groundwater live in a symbiotic cycle, consuming harmful chemicals and masses of organic materials. Therefore, it is only natural that scientists would harness the natural biodegradation of these in the field of Wastewater Management. Biotechnologists prefer to call this process bioremediation. They have been using bioremediation on wastewater for many years and have discovered a plethora of usable microorganisms. Due to the vast amounts of microorganisms capable of bioremediation, this paper is focusing on bacterium capable of breaking down organic material useful in treating wastewater. Wastewater treatment is performed on a variety of waste sources such as agricultural, residential, and industrial waste. Many bacteria such as Nitrsomonas, nitrobacter and paracoccus are important players in the treatment of industrial and sewage waste. The use of microbes in wastewater treatment plants is an integral piece of the wastewater treatment process due to the fact that microbial population in a facility can become depleted resulting in system back-ups, organic material build-up and overall reduction in system efficiency. It is at this point when supplementation of a microbial product becomes necessary. There are three stages of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary where microorganisms can be added or encouraged to grow in wastewater . The first two stages are concerned with large debris and organic matter removal by the use of a variety of filtration and sedimentation processes. Microbial organisms are stimulated in the second and third stages and the goa l is to degrade excessive amounts of contaminants such as nitrogen, phosphates, oils, chemicals and heavy metals by the third stage. One common practice used in residential wastewater in the second stage, is using activated sludge techniques, which aerates the waste to stimulate denitrifying and nitrifying microorganisms to biodegrade the waste. Most large sewage treatment plants use a two-phase digestion system in which organics are metabolized by  bacteria,  anaerobically. In the first stage, the sludge is heated and mixed in a closed tank for about 15 days, while digestion takes place. The sludge then flows into a second tank, which serves primarily for storage and settling. Sludge digestion is a biological process in which organic solids are decomposed into stable substances. Nitrifying and denitrifying organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic are added to convert about half of the organic sludge solids to liquids and gases (Siezen Galardini, 2008). Nitrosomonas europae was isolated in 1892 by Russian microbiologist Sergio Winogradsky. It has been a useful bacterium in wastewater treatment, usually added in the secondary treatment process due to its ability to breakdown organic material. If given an aerobic environment, ammonia is oxidized first to nitrite by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria which makes N. europaea primarily important in the nitrification cycle (Arp and Bottomley, 2006). Nitrosomonas. europaea  is a bacillus shaped, gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph; which is an autotroph that gets its energy from oxidation of inorganic substances in the absence of light. It is a mobile bacteria with flagella located in its polar region. It commonly inhabits places rich in ammonia and inorganic salt, such as in soils, freshwaters, stone monuments, and sewage. It obtains most of its energy from its ammonia-oxidizing capabilites, an unusual process for most ba cteria.  Cell division may take several days due to its need for large amounts of ammonia consuming about 25 moles of ammonia per mole of carbon dioxide assimilated into cellular biomass (Arp and Bottomley, 2006).   Due to its long delay in cell division, scientists tend to avoid studying Nitrosomona. N. eurpoaea gains carbon from the atmosphere by converting carbon in a gaseous form into carbon bound up in organic molecules. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome with 2,812,094 bases. Its gene structure denotes that it must take in Fe and suggests it can take in other metals such as Cu, Cd, Zn, and Co as well (Chain, Lamerdin, Larimer, Ragala, Lao, 2003). N. europea functions best at a basic ph but can tolerate a ph between 6.0-9.0 and it prefers temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius. Nitrobacter hamburgensis got its name because it was isolated in soil of the Old Botanic Garden in Hamburg. It is a gram-negative bacteria that lives mainly in soil, building sandstone, and sewage sludge. It is pear-shaped and has one sub-polar flagellum. There is one circular DNA chromosome and three circular DNA plasmids with 4,406,967 base pairs on the chromosome. (Kaipa, et al, 2010). N. hamburgensis  gains energy from oxidation of nitrite to nitrate and has the ability of metabolizing nitrogen in nitrite from its environment. It is found mainly in soil and freshwater. (Arp Bottomley, 2006). The bacteria has provided a solution to removing high levels of nitrogen from municipal effluents of wastewater treatment plants. Biofilms with different nitrifying bacteria including  N. hamburgensis  have been constructed. Before the invention of these biofilms very large and expensive reactors were used for this purpose. Paracoccus denitrificans, an organism that removes high levels of nitrogen in wastewater when paired with Nitrosomonas europaea, a nitrifying organism which reduces ammonia to nitrate. P. denitrifican  is a spherical coccus shaped gram-negative bacteria having a double membrane cell wall. It inhabit soils in either aerobic or anaerobic environments. First isolated in 1910 by Martinus Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist gave the organism the name  Micrococcus denitrificans, only later to be changed by Diana.H. Davis in 1969 to the current name Paracoccus denitrificans after the discovery that the bacteria contained many features known to be in mitochondria, possibly an ancestor to the eukaryotic mitochondria. (Davis, et al, 1969). The genome of  P. denitrificans  consists of two circular chromosomes and one plasmid. The first chromosome has 2,852,282 base pairs and the second chromosome has 1,730,097 base pairs. The plasmid has 653,815 base pairs (Swiss Inst., 2007). Many of th e proteins transcribed and translated from the plasmid is what gives  P. denitrificans  its unique features of the ability to metabolize ammonium to nitrogen gas. Due to P. denitrificans  ability to produce more than 5000 proteins it is useful in biotechnological applications (Uemoto Saiki, 2007). Another process commonly used in wastewater treatment is the use of biofilms, various trickling rock filters that encourage biofilms. (Sillankorva, Neubauer, Azeredo, 2008) These biofilms build microorganism communites enclosed in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances separated by water channels. Within these colonies are a variety of bacteria, fungi and algae which biodegrade waste. Psuedomonas fluorescens, P. syringae and P. putida are a few of the bacterias found in biofilms. As well as fungus like Mycelium and algaes. The biofilm community is an optimal environment for cell-cell interactions, including the cellular exchange of genetic material, and nutrient exchange within the community. The matrix protects the microorganisms from UV exposure, metal toxicity, acid exposure, dehydration and salinity, phagocytosis, antibiotics, and antimicrobial agents (Hall-Stoodley, et al 2004). Pseudomonas fluorescens makes a great contribution to the turnover of organic matter and while present in soil, is abundant on the surfaces of plant roots and leaves. P. fluorescens grows at an optimum temperature of 25 ° Celsius but can also survive in temperatures as low as 0 ° degrees Celsius make it a rare pathogenic in humans. The bacterias degrading ability has been applied to pollutants such as styrene, TNT and, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Sillankorva, Neubauer, Azeredo, 2008). Notable is P. putida possessing a high biodegrading metabolism. It can breakdown styrene which is a highly polluting synthetic chemical, used to make plastics (Park, et al, 2005)). Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative shaped bacteria, similar to  Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an known pathogen to humans, however it is missing key gene segments that P. aeruginosa possess making it nonpathogenic. The biochemistry of P. putida makes it an aerobic, gram negative, flourescent colored, rod-shaped bacteria. It a motile organism with one or more polar flagella. They are usually found in moist soil and water environments and grow optimally at room temperature. Certain strains have the ability to grow on and break down many dangerous pollutants and aromatic  hydrocarbons  such as toluene,  benzene, and ethylbenzene.  P. putida  can also be used in petroleum plants to purify fuel. P. putida  is also closely related to  Pseudomonas syringae, an abundant plant pathogen, but again it la cks the gene that causes such disease (DOE, 1998). The first isolation of Psuedomonas syringae occurred in 1902 by van Hall from a diseased lilac. Psuedomonas syringae are aerobic rod-shaped gram negative bacteria that are motile with the use of several polar flagella. Psuedomonas syringae secretes a plant toxin making it a known plant pathogen. Therefore, it is easy to see its use in the biodegradation of organic waste. Each strain of this bacteria has a specific plant it targets and is often found on plant leaves. Any interesting quality is its ability to form ice crystals, P. syringae  is responsible for causing frost injury to frost-sensitive plants. (Feil, et al, 2005) This discovery led to its production of artificial snow.

The Impact of Urban Legends Throughout History and Around the World Ess

The Impact of Urban Legends Throughout History and Around the World Urban legends have always intrigued me. I am unsure if it is the scare factor that intrigues me, the way in which some of them are told, or some of the lessons that are supposed to be taken from them but one thing I know for sure is that I do not stand alone in this belief. In fact urban legends are told all over the world, even in countries that many have never heard of before. Many people of all backgrounds find them to be mystifying and sometimes even alarming. It seems as if urban legends have the ability to draw any person in ranging from a young child to the typical adult male. Whether or not you believe these incredible tales is almost irrelevant in many cases because for many different cultures and societies the primary purpose of urban legends are for entertainment and shock effects. This in many cases taken to the extreme with some of the different versions created to intensely horrify listeners. The way in which I conducted research for my field report was quite simple. After I realized that I planned to do a report on urban legends, I went to the main library to look for a few books that I had already found online. After searching through the stacks for a good amount of time, I finally found the books that I was looking for and proceeded to check them out. Another source of information that I used in my report was from various notes that I had taken in class. These notes helped to formulate the overall idea I wanted to take with my field report. Still not exactly sure of what I wanted my title to be, I searched through the books I had checked out and took out any key ideas that I figured would be interesting to analyze. I wrote these ideas... ...e of the mysteries that urban legends display, from just reading many different urban legends that have originated from all various corners of our planet gives a great deal of insight. They uncover the primary purpose for some ancient civilizations such as the Incas while greatly horrifying other civilizations with gruesome stories of people that made a vital mistake throughout their lives. For whatever reason a legend exists in a particular society one thing is known for sure; these legends are not going anywhere anytime soon. References Bennett, Gillian and Smith, Paul. 1996. Contemporary Legend: A Reader. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York and London. Brunvand, Jan Harold. 2000. The Truth Never Stands in the Way of a Good Story. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Cavendish, Richard. 1982. Legends of the World. Orbis Publishing Limited, London. The Impact of Urban Legends Throughout History and Around the World Ess The Impact of Urban Legends Throughout History and Around the World Urban legends have always intrigued me. I am unsure if it is the scare factor that intrigues me, the way in which some of them are told, or some of the lessons that are supposed to be taken from them but one thing I know for sure is that I do not stand alone in this belief. In fact urban legends are told all over the world, even in countries that many have never heard of before. Many people of all backgrounds find them to be mystifying and sometimes even alarming. It seems as if urban legends have the ability to draw any person in ranging from a young child to the typical adult male. Whether or not you believe these incredible tales is almost irrelevant in many cases because for many different cultures and societies the primary purpose of urban legends are for entertainment and shock effects. This in many cases taken to the extreme with some of the different versions created to intensely horrify listeners. The way in which I conducted research for my field report was quite simple. After I realized that I planned to do a report on urban legends, I went to the main library to look for a few books that I had already found online. After searching through the stacks for a good amount of time, I finally found the books that I was looking for and proceeded to check them out. Another source of information that I used in my report was from various notes that I had taken in class. These notes helped to formulate the overall idea I wanted to take with my field report. Still not exactly sure of what I wanted my title to be, I searched through the books I had checked out and took out any key ideas that I figured would be interesting to analyze. I wrote these ideas... ...e of the mysteries that urban legends display, from just reading many different urban legends that have originated from all various corners of our planet gives a great deal of insight. They uncover the primary purpose for some ancient civilizations such as the Incas while greatly horrifying other civilizations with gruesome stories of people that made a vital mistake throughout their lives. For whatever reason a legend exists in a particular society one thing is known for sure; these legends are not going anywhere anytime soon. References Bennett, Gillian and Smith, Paul. 1996. Contemporary Legend: A Reader. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York and London. Brunvand, Jan Harold. 2000. The Truth Never Stands in the Way of a Good Story. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Cavendish, Richard. 1982. Legends of the World. Orbis Publishing Limited, London.