Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Essay about Happy Endings True Love - 8166 Words

`Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy gets girl... organises, indeed constitutes, the classical American cinema as a whole. -Raymond Bellour (Bellour, 1974, 16) You dont want to be in love - you want to be in love in a movie. -Becky, Sleepless in Seattle Reality and love are almost contradictory to me. -C#233;line, Before Sunset This essay is primarily concerned with the concept of the Hollywood romance happy ending. On a broader scale, it is also concerned with addressing the relationship of these endings to something which (I think it is fair to say) most believe Hollywood seldom attempts to do: depict romantic love `realistically. Ask most if they consider, for example, Hollywoods current romantic†¦show more content†¦But what exactly is it that is `unrealistic about it? No one can deny that in the real world people do, every day, exactly what the characters in each and every romantic comedy do - that is: meet, court, and fall (however briefly or lastingly) in love. The problem arises when a film depicting this has to navigate the obvious requirement which all narrative art faces: it must choose a point at which to end. The decision traditionally inbuilt into the romantic comedy is to end at the moment of the central couples union (or sometimes reunion), often with the obligatory embrace and kiss as the final moment of closure. Ending in this manner sends the audience out of the cinema with an image of unproblematic happiness that one assumes will (since we are shown nothing to disprove the theory) last forever. As Rick Altman says: marriage, or the promise of marriage (for which we may read any depiction of the united final couple) is, at least in the Hollywood musical (Altmans point of departure and a genre whose narratives share a great deal in c ommon with those of the romantic comedy) that beyond which there is no more (Altman. 1981, 197): It arrests discourse and projects the narrative into an undifferentiated `happily ever after. The comic equivalent of apocalypse, marriage represents a timeless, formless state in American mythology. (ibid, 197) This timeless happy ending perpetuates the mythShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Disney1060 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  me personally,and we have discussed relationships,love,dating, any of the sort i blame Disney. For the FALSE HOPE OF A HAPPY ENDING AND A HAPPILY EVER AFTER.   Ã‚  It is almost certain our parents make us  Ã‚  girls out to be a princess. As a child we have a favorite princess character. You watch your favorite movie over and over and over again. You have a princess birthday, your room is all your favorite princess. Boys are the knight and shining armor, they save us, or they are just what a women needsRead MoreNot so Happy Endings1417 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Not So Happy Endings† In the unusually written short story, â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood, Atwood gives the reader six very different possible storylines using many stereotypes and a good deal of clichà © to propel a few main themes of the story. Atwood’s story is not only unusually written, it is also funny, thought provoking, and interesting despite the lack of detail and odd structure. After she has presented the six different storylines Atwood suddenly moves to the ending, which ironicallyRead MoreThe Song If I Die Young 976 Words   |  4 PagesThe first comparison of the story and the song has to be the ending of someone’s life. In the song, the quote â€Å"the sharp knife of a short life† can be presented as the death of someone young. That quote can be compared to Snow White when she wasn’t pronounced dead but asleep in the fairy tale. Both characters in the story and the song can be considered young. Both have that comparison of being young and be a part of some type of ending. The first contrast of the song and the story would be the presenceRead MoreAtwood Happy Endings Essay635 Words   |  3 PagesRemove this space James Nuyen Professor Julie Allen English 125 11 February 2011 â€Å"The True Ending† Remove all this space. In her short story â€Å"Happy Endings†, Margaret Atwood uses different literary techniques that can alter the interpretation of the story’s theme. The story starts off with a generic â€Å"fairy tale† ending in which a husband and a wife live a happy life together and eventually die. However, as the story progresses, Atwood’s style and tone makes the alternate scenarios of JohnRead MoreAre Happy Endings Possible? Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe term â€Å"happy endings† or â€Å"happily ever after† as young children by watching the famous and well-told love stories created by Walt Disney. Disney movies were simply made to portray magical and imaginative stories that conclude in happy endings. As a child, watching films such as â€Å"Aladdin,† â€Å"The Little Mermaid,† and â€Å"Pocahontas,† all give off feelings of pleasure and happiness in which have lead children to believe that anything is possible. Disney love stories fulfill in the idea that love is realRead MoreCinderella Is A Blonde And Ariel Has A Beautiful Young Woman998 Words   |  4 Pages nyone can find happiness. Happy endings can start with bad beginnings, just make sure to find true love. Cinderella and Ariel suffer through life but they both get their happy endings. Cinderella is a beautiful young woman. She is a hard worker, she does all of the chores, and takes care of her step-mother and step-sisters. She never gets to do what she wants. All she does is take care of the house and step-family. Cinderella is level-headed, smart, protagonist, kind, and she has faithRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood1228 Words   |  5 PagesAtwood’s, â€Å"Happy Endings,† the author writes about the nature of life. Throughout the short story, Atwood describes ‘happy endings’ through six different scenarios, which are all based around the characters, John and Mary. At the end of each scenario, the ending is all the same â€Å"John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die† (Atwood, 1984). Within the six different scenarios, Atwood describes how life is not what we expect to be, how it can end in the upmost perfect happy ending or how itRead MoreTrue Love Is Not A Fairy Tale Ending882 Words   |  4 PagesIs it true? Thesis statement: True love to me is when you can’t imagine life without the other person. To be in true love is when someone would go beyond lengths to keep the other person happy. True love is not a fairy tale ending. Nothing is perfect unless you work to make it that way. True love takes a lot of hard work. People every day have arguments, but it’s up to the couple to handle it effectively. Every day couples are faced with the real work to a relationship: patience, trust, and sacrificeRead MoreMargaret Atwood s Happy Endings1447 Words   |  6 Pagesthat comes within, which notably can be portrayed in Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Happy Endings†. In her metafictional short story, Atwood includes six different scenarios that are labeled A to F, which briefly describes the characters’ lives, ultimately ending with death. Moreover, the names of characters recur in each scenario, referencing one another throughout the entire short story. Particularly when Atwood’s short story â€Å"Happy Endings† was published, people noticed that she was questioning gender rolesRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood1024 Words   |  5 Pagesmetafiction â€Å"Happy Endings† explores Emerson’s ideas that the ending to something should not matter. It should matter how that ending came to be. In â€Å"Happy Endings† Atwood writes tales that all have the same ending. All the stories have a common theme of a boy, a girl, and love. In the tale â€Å"B† the girl falls in love with the boy, but he is a terrible human who treats as nothing more than a sex object. She ends up killing herself and then the boy meets a new girl whom he has a happy ending with. All

Monday, December 23, 2019

Best Practice Teaching Family Model - 1932 Words

Best Practice: Teaching – Family Model University of Arkansas Stephanie Clark Methodist Family Health Counseling Clinic is an organization that provides healthcare services focused on various emotional and behavioral challenges individuals and families can face. Methodist provides many different services all over Arkansas that range from inpatient to school-base services. They also have eight Therapeutic Group Homes that provide a family-like setting while children are able to receive other needed services for emotional and behavioral needs. â€Å"Children are referred to Group Home care by the state Division of Children and Family Services (DCFS), churches, parents and other Methodist Family Health programs. The length of stays are generally 9-12 months or longer.† (Resources, 2016). Only 6-8 youths are in the house at a time. They live in the home and attend public school while living there. The populations that Methodist serves is different depending on which service you are considering. In their school-base program the therapist and caseworker work with a very rural population; however, the rest of the services provided are in more urban areas of the state. These services are normally sought out either by parents, teachers or from DCFS. The school-base program in Lincoln is the only school-base program Methodist offers and it serves a population that is in high need of services. There are actually three mental healthcare providers at the school districtShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Howard Gardner And Urie Bronfenbrenner884 Words   |  4 Pageswhen working with children. Understanding how each child learns best and the way they process information provides teachers with a unique viewpoint into each student and allows for opportunities to teach in a way that fosters many benefits for everyone. Using Gardner’s theory as a basis for my teaching, allows me to plan meaningful, curriculum and create a classroom environment that encourages success for each child and their families. Following the ideals of Bronfenbrenner will allow me to see whoRead MoreLearning in a Culture of Change Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe school curriculum models should have essential components, which must be in place to guide inst ruction. With accountability looming and additional demands, such as concurrent curriculum development and curricular innovation, the design can create great teaching and learning. The one room schoolhouse was easier to decide what to teach. According to Thorndike (1910), educational aims are clearer using psychology ideas such as culture or discipline, knowledge or skills which contributes a betterRead MoreEarly Intervention For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmay incorporate useful elements in future teaching. Additionally, educators should have a stockpile of knowledge that they can draw from. This should include current research in the field because so much of education is research- and evidence-based. Therefore, it is the educator’s responsibility to ensure that they are aware of early intervention programs and are keeping up to date with the trends and best practices in the field. Overview of Best Practices Zwaigenbaum, Bauman, Choueiri, et. al., 2015Read MoreGeneral Systems Theory And The Self Application Theory1191 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Systems Theory Nurses play a critical role in providing care for our patients, but also teaching them how to improve their health in order to retain the patient’s highest level of functioning and stability is also a priority. By understanding our past history and the impact it had on nursing, we are able to incorporate this knowledge in the way we practice our profession. One of the most revolutionary nurses in history is Florence Nightingale. She was instrumental in practicing fundamentalRead MoreReflective Practice At The Assistant Nurse Agency ( Mvna )1720 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective practice is the constant process of reflecting and analyzing your actions, as the nurse, to adapt to the situation in order to address the patient’s specific needs (Oelofsen, 2012). This concept is grounded in the work of many health care professionals as they reflect upon their experiences to improve the care delivered to patients. It is essential that all nurses have knowledge about reflective practice to provide quality care. This teaching plan aims towards providing the knowledgeRead MoreWho Is The First One Fired?836 Words   |  4 Pagesturn I applied for a position working in community mental health. The position paid more money than the position I was currently in at the time. I found it strange that they would even be hiring during an economic downturn, but thought I needed the practice interviewing. I went to the interview and when it was my turn to ask the questions I asked if the last one hired was the first one fired? They said â€Å"yes, typically ,† that answer was enough to make me not want to work there. I work in communityRead MoreBetty Neum Nursing Theorist1587 Words   |  7 PagesBetty Neuman: Nursing Theorist Beth Anne Bonetti NSG 301 October 7, 2014 Summer Huntley-Dale MSN, RN Betty Neuman: Nursing Theorist Development of the Neuman Systems Model Betty Neuman received her nursing diploma from Peoples Hospital School of Nursing in Akron, Ohio in 1947. After earning her RN, she moved to California and gained experience in a number of different nursing positions including staff nurse, head nurse, school nurse, industrial nurse, and clinical instructor at the UniversityRead MoreEssay on Why I Want to be a Teacher in Burma1406 Words   |  6 PagesEvery country has its own different kinds of curriculum and teaching system. They have their own curriculums to follow according to their traditional and cultural background. We all are possible to have the different experiences in our schooling life. In the same way we might also have the similarity. The experience that I have are based on the country where I have been growing up and I spent most of my schooling life in, Myanmar (Burma). There are some positive and negative aspects that I like toRead MoreDeveloping A Successful Classroom Inclusive Environment Is The Quality Of Teachin g926 Words   |  4 PagesAnother factor that incorporates in having a successful classroom inclusive environment is the quality of teaching. Alton-Lee (2003) argues that quality teaching has been identified as an important practice of positive outcomes for diverse students. Forlin (2012) discusses, but with more details than in Alton-Lee (2003) saying that quality teaching for students with diverse abilities has got various characteristics. For example, it has to focus on student’s achievement, to make clear links betweenRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Rei d (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and

Sunday, December 15, 2019

What Is Philosophy Free Essays

Most definitions of philosophy have been fairly controversial partly because what has been called philosophy has changed drastically in the course of history. What used to be a part of the philosophical inquiries detached themselves from it. This is why most academic subject began as some aspect as philosophy and branched off into knowledge and became specialized. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The word philosophy originated from Greek words philia (love) and sophia (wisdom) carrying the meaning love of wisdom. The essential part of being a good philosopher is the faculty of wonder. Philosophy searches for the truth and questioning the unquestionable. Intrinsically it satisfies, or seeks to satisfy, the intellectual desire for comprehensive knowledge and understanding. Philosophers need to be open-minded and never closing door. They have to be accepting and be able to accept changes. A philosopher is curious, reflective and critical. Big philosophical questions like Who is god? , Where does the world come from? , What is life? has remained unanswered. Questions of this genre are asked in every culture, every religion and through every period of time. The quest of philosophy is to answer these questions. Philosophy makes people doubt their beliefs. They make people query their cultural norms and what they have been putting faith into and brought up believing. People who are easily influence might think twice about their beliefs and those who hold true faith in what they already belief think philosophy is a load of rubbish and immature. They ignore the big questions and are too occupied searching for material things. They ignore the fact that these questions are yet to be answered but opt to remaine oblivious to it. By philosophizing, people reflect and criticize their most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. Essentially, the sole purpose of a normal life is to perpetuate and thrive to expand and fill the world galaxy with it. When we humans have gotten past a certain level or mark and into higher sentience. Then comes the aesthetic values, that we currently enjoy. however, the modern day society prevents most from doing so because the earth is overcrowded, and there’s the fight for resources. Philosophy attempts to search the evidence of all beliefs. It takes a second look at cultural norms. They attempt to think through a variety of life problems. It leads the mind to a critical evaluation of things, but critical evaluations often differ from person to person for their personal expierences, cultural background may vary widely. In this changing universe, some people are responsive to it and some are not. Some cling on to old tradtions passed down decads ago and declare that they are final. Often those who are unresponsive to it are old, narrow minded, stubborn people. Philosophy tries to relate reality to belief. It tries to find evidence and speculates the truth behind our daily assumptions. Due to this, some people think philosophy is dangerous. Socrates was accused for corrupting the mind of the youth in Athens. In this epoch, people think philosophy is nonsense and too corrupts the youth. It deters the youth from their original beliefs and confuses them even more that they already are. By philosophizing, people ask questions. They ask questions to get closer to the truth. But in fact, most of the time, they do not get closer to the truth but end up with even more unanswerable questions. Babies and young kids have this faculty of wonder. They ask adults a lot of questions Why is the sky so high? and many adults cannot answer that question because they themselves can t answer those questions. Shallowness, incompleteness, poor reasoning, and assertions with flimsy foundations prevent a truly enlightened person. When a person comes up with a philosophy or theory of his own, he persuades other people and influences them. Orators sways minds and hearts and thereby wage wars, gain control and seduce an unsuspecting public. To illustrate this point, lets say a nobody comes out and questions the government and influences the rest of the public to do so, with enough questioning citizens the government will be overpowered by the overwhelming demand of inquiries and thus cause chaos in a country†¦ Those who advocate total control or even economists philosophy like Carl Marx and his views on social reform can change the whole values of society, which means every single unit of society (us) will be affected even if we resist the next generation will grow up already brainwashed and in their minds that this is good, that is bad. This is why some people say philosophy is dangerous Philosophy can also change a way a person thinks. It can change peoples mind set especially those who are fickle and are not sure about their own true identities. These people change as they get influenced and cannot decide which is right and which is wrong. In our age of confusion and uncertainty, we need a sense of identity. Unaware of the complexities of an issue, unfamiliarity of certain issues, and unable to distinguish valid and invalid reasoning, these disoriented people might give in to authoritarian approaches to sacrifice their lives for certain values and ideas. And if people start philosopizing about things that are dangerous, it might baffle a person of their till then perception of things. People then turn to religion for a sense of direction. But once they start questioning the veracity of the religion, they are then deterred away again from their search of identity. Leaving them profound and doubtful. Philosophy is dangerous because it threatens to change or lives. But then again, because philosophy precedes the faculty of wonder, many things that were assumed have been justified. The world is not all sleight of hand and deception. A lot of old age enigmas have now been explained by science. What the dark side of the moon look likes was once shrouded in mystery but now we know exactly how it looks like. Philosophy leads to evolution. Because of that people improve. If it weren t because of the curiousness of scientists, we wouldn t have new inventions of machinery, of mathematical formulae, and wouldn t have the technology we now have in our lives. We would still be living in the dark, not knowing where to turn to. With this use, we cannot entirely say that philosophy is dangerous since it brings us so many advantages. Humanity has acquired a great new power in science and technology. We obtain numerous techniques for gaining greater security and comforts have been developed. Philosophy, in conjunction with other disciplines, plays a central in guiding us toward new desires and aspirations. It guides us to a clearer more assuring road into life. Philosophizing leads us to seek more knowledge and thus making a person wiser. It guides us to make more knowledgeable and wiser choices in life. The exploration of the possible, reasonable solution clarifies the options open to thoughtful persons. The usefulness of choosing from the reasoned, researched alternatives rather than from bigoted, impulsive, and unclear claims is apparent inn all dimension of our lives. Ideally, the study of philosophy nurtures our capacity for making informed choices. Ultimately, there isn t really a definite answer to the question whether philosophy is dangerous. This is due to the fact that philosophy brought humanity to evolve and improve yet making people feel anxious and insecure because they are uncertain about the meaning of life and which direction they should take life in. How to cite What Is Philosophy, Essay examples What Is Philosophy Free Essays There are many different kinds of philosophy and almost anything and everything has its own philosophy. Philosophy is the inquiring of existence, to find out what it s meaning is. It is the search for truth and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, not only in oneself but also in others. When asking for a philosophy on something it is mainly picking at one s brain to figure out the most inner thoughts and beliefs that one has on a subject. The idea of philosophy and the way that it works is mainly dependant on a person’s interpretive skill; it is a person’s thoughts on a certain subject in an analytical and exploratory manner. It is different levels of meaning. It is a search for some kind of general understanding of values and reality by a primarily speculative way rather than a merely observational way. Extensively speaking the purpose of philosophy is to study and find a reflective view of certainties, genuine concerns and general beliefs. Philosophy is like a classification of different theories on the disposition of things and what they are about. The branch of philosophy concerned with identifying the ultimate reality of nature of the universe is known as metaphysics. It is like a system of principles underlying a particular subject or study. Metaphysics was originally used to refer to the writings done by Aristotle on Physics. Now, it is better known for its attempt to understand the fundamental nature of all reality, if something is visible or not visible at all. Metaphysics seeks an explanation so basic and simple to everything that is, from what is human to what is spiritual and religious to what anything else really is. It is an argument that tries to figure out the things that actually exist and are truly real against the things that just seem to be real. There is a primary component of metaphysics and that component is ontology. Ontology is the theory of existence and being. It is pretty much concerned with identifying the things of the universe that are basic. Also. It takes a look at if something is composed of many diverse elements or if it plainly consists of only one fundamental compound. Ontology is usually compared with metaphysics proper. Metaphysics proper is more concerned with the general principles and traits of the world. It assumes that the general principles and traits of reality are simple and general and that because they are so general that they will apply to any kind of universe. Another way that metaphysics is divided is by a theoretical way and an applied way. Each describe a different way, one way just simply describes while the other way applies the description to practical problems. It puts knowledge to work and then gathers the knowledge for further examination. The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge is epistemology. Epistemology is a study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity. It seeks to define knowledge, identify its sources and establish its limits. Epistemology is derived from the Greek words Episteme and Theoria. According to the Greek language Episteme means knowledge and Theoria means theory. It addresses the philosophical problems surrounding the theory of knowledge. It attempts to answer the basic question of whether or not knowledge is true or false. What distinguishes true knowledge? What distinguishes false knowledge? These questions translates into issues of scientific methodology, it also forms one of the pillars of the new sciences of cognition. Epistemology is known for being the central area pf philosophy because philosophy is the quest for wisdom and truth. If you take a look at the history of epistemology, you see a clear trend, even though there is much confusion of many seemingly contradictory positions. The first theories of knowledge stressed its absolute, permanent character, while later theories put the emphasis on its relativity, its continuous development or evolution, and its active interference with the world and its subjects and objects. The whole trend seemingly moves from a static, passive view of knowledge towards a more and more adaptive and active one. How to cite What Is Philosophy, Essay examples What is philosophy Free Essays Philosophy pursues questions rather than answers. It alms at understanding and enlightenment rather than shorthand answers. Despite the fact that it is absolutely committed to the truth, certainty in philosophy is never given and complete as we cannot definitely close out the totality it strives to capture. We will write a custom essay sample on What is philosophy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the search for truth is rather like constant striving for more insight than for the final word on the matters of life and the world. Nevertheless, a true philosopher is not bounded by any particular â€Å"truths† that set limits to his urge to continue forming enquiries. Philosophy does not have any specific subject matter and hence cannot be defined with regard to any particular scope of investigation. It may deal with every dimension of human life and can raise queries in any field of study or endeavor. Skepticism lies at the heart of philosophy. Therefore, asking a question is more fundamentally important than answering one. However, we should always keep in mind that philosophy properly done is not mere speculation. Just like scientists, philosophers formulate hypotheses which ultimately must answer to reason and evidence. Philosophy starts from bewilderment, curiosity, amazement about the world, life, and ourselves. It emerges from the functioning of an inquisitive mind which is puzzled by seemingly common things or by those that appear to be entirely impractical. Philosophers articulate their initial concern by formulating questions (mostly what, how and why questions) that guide their curiosity toward the comprehension of the problem. Russell revives the same Idea in claiming that philosophy â€Å"keeps alive our sense of wonder by showing familiar things in an unfamiliar aspect†. As soon as we begin to philosophize, we find that even the most everyday things lead to confusing problems while those initially â€Å"impractical† issues often prove very significant even for our temporal needs and certainly for our self-understanding. Russell admits that philosophy is not very much successful in providing â€Å"definite answers† to Its questions but explains the apparent inconclusiveness of philosophic answers partly as deceptive, partly as Inevitable. 4 One might ask, If philosophy Is Just â€Å"a residue† of unanswered questions or a pursuit of the unknown, why should we keep doing it? The answer is simple – Just dealing with the enigma increases our comprehension of the problem and the complications involved in it. Without philosophic curiosity displayed, many important issues would have been overlooked or forgotten a long ago. Thus by continuing to raise questions and studying their implications, as Russell points out, we keep theoretical interest alive no matter whether It can yield positive results or not. This Is a rational strategy study. Therefore, despite the fact that philosophy does not provide definitive answers, it is not a futile activity of human mind. How to cite What is philosophy?, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf Essay Example For Students

Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf Essay Virginia Woolf creates interesting contrast within the character of Clarissa Dalloway using stream of consciousness narration in her novel Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissas inner thoughts reveal a contrast between her lack of attraction to her husband due to her lesbian feelings and her fear of loosing him as a social stepping stone. These contrasts and many others can be seen throughout the novel using the literary device of stream of consciousness narration. Clarissas character reveals to us early in the book her lack of attraction to her husband. This revelation can be seen in the passage that states: through some contraction of this cold spirit, she had failed himshe could see what she lackedit was something central which permeated. The cold spirit that she talks of is her sexuality, in being attracted to women, and her lack of understanding why she is this way. This is the main reason for her lack of attraction. She feels that she has let him down because she cannot complete her duties as his wife. Clarissa had lost both a sexual relationship and sexual attraction with her husband since the birth of her teenage daughter Elizabeth: she could not dispel a virginity preserved through childbirth which clung to her like a sheet. Clarissa tells us of her true sexuality as she remembers her girlhood friend Sally Seton. Sally is the only person that Clarissa has ever had any real passionate feelings for. But this question of love, this falling in love with women. Take Sally Seton; her relation in the old days with Sally Seton. Had not that, after all, been love? Although Sally held her heart, her homosexual feelings were not socially acceptable. Clarissa is therefore obliged to enter into a marriage to Richard Dalloway for social purposes. A contrast to Clarissas lack of attraction to her husband is seen in her fear of loosing him. Richard provides for her a stepping stone for her to be the socialite that she strives to be. When Richard is invited to a lunch with Lady Bruton, a twinge of fear is evident in Clarissa that she is loosing her husband: Fear no more the heat o the sun; for the shock of Lady Bruton asking Richard to lunch without her made the moment which she had stood shiver. Without him, she would be nothing in society, so Clarissa is scared of loosing him even though she has no attraction towards him. A contrast in the deeper self of Clarissa Dalloway can be seen in the stream of consciousness narration in Mrs. Dalloway. She reveals her lack of attraction for her husband and her fear of loosing him through her inner thoughts. This provides for us the ability to see the weaknesses of Clarissa and many of the other characters.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless However, nevertheless, and nonetheless convey the same unexpected result. However, nevertheless and nonetheless are more formal and are usually used only in writing. These words are known as connective adverbs. In other words, they introduce an idea that connects to the preceding sentence. Example Sentences Were having difficulties with the project. Nevertheless, well finish on time.Weve been working hard all week. However, well have to continue next week as well. Sometimes its difficult to know whether to use a perfect form (Hes lived here for three years) or the progressive perfect form (Hes been working for three hours). Find out when to use either form in the past, present or future. Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use American English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States.

Friday, November 22, 2019

The Game of Hex - An Interim Report Dissertation

The Game of Hex - An Interim Report - Dissertation Example Project Aims/Objectives The aim of the project is to implement a Hex game using NxN board, where N depicts the number of hexes in a side. The player would be able to specify the number of hexagons on a side i.e. size of board that will be used in the game. The board would be diamond shaped. The gaming mode could also be selected i.e. the two players could be two humans, a human against the system or two systems against each other with opposite sides. The player will select a side. If white is selected, then the player himself begins, else the opponent (player or system) plays the first move. Project Requirements The requirements of this project are divided into three parts: 1. Essential requirements The development language for the project would be Java (oracle JDeveloper 11). All functionalities will be developed using JDeveloper 11. AI algorithm called MCTS algorithm shall be used to support the high level of knowledge required by the Hex game. MCTS shall be implemented on the Hex game board whereon the data structures would be transferred. The game would have playing options. These options will be implemented though MCTS. The game will be played by two human players, or one human against the system. 2. Recommended requirements A new playing mode option can be added. In this playing mode, the game would be played between two systems. Adobe flash player can be used for designing a helper application to guide computer players as to how to play the Hex game. The guide would be simple enough to assist anyone in learning the game rules and playing. 3. Optional requirement: The MCTS algorithm which is used for building this game shall be compared with another... The board is rhombus shaped consisting of an array of hexagons. The optimal suggested size for rhombuses is 14x14. However, the size could vary. After choosing a one of the two colors (e.g. black or white), each player takes turn to place a piece on any one of the unoccupied hex. The goal of the game is that a player has to connect the two opposite sides of the board with an unbroken chain of his/her colored pieces. For a player that selected white, a chain of white pieces has to run from one edge to the other. Similarly, for the player with black pieces, a connected chain of pieces has to run across the other two edges (Figure 1-a). There is no predefined path for the chain. It can freely twist and turn on its path between the two edges. The player with white pieces always makes the beginning move. The strategy of Hex is such that the winning moves may be different for every player and the game never ends in a draw. One player always wins. This is due to Brouwer fixed-point theorem for 2D squares. Computer programs where a game of two players is solved generally comprise of exploration of a hierarchy of positions on the board. This hierarchy (called game tree) is a tree with a root, where its nodes represents the valid position on the board and the edges represent the valid moves. The extensive techniques for game-tree search developed over the last 3 to 4 decades are mostly aimed at programming Chess.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 31

Marketing - Essay Example ential names into best 10 names and worst 10 names; (2) selection of best 4 and worst 4 from the initial group; (3) select one from the best 4 and one from the worst 4; and finally, (4) indicate the reasons for the specific choice. In alternative 2, there are five stages, to wit: (1) rate the 20 names according to extremely appropriate name and extremely inappropriate name using the seven-point semantic differential scale; (2) respondents are asked to spray the contents of the product at the back of their hand or their arm; (3) a repetition of the rating approach indicating the appropriateness of the name using the same polar descriptors; (4) indicate intent and interest to purchase according to Definitely Would Buy or Definitely Would not Buy; and finally, (5) indicate the reason for the choice in name in terms of appropriateness for insect repellants and in specific scent. After evaluating both alternatives, one would recommend Alternative 2 because aside from indicating the appropriateness of the name as generally perceived for insect repellants, the alternative provided the option for customers to experience and use the product and again, to rate it afterwards. This stage enabled the customer to rate the intention to purchase the product which is a crucial element for its potential performance when launched in the market. The data from each method is important in screening the most appropriate brand name as perceived by the target market. As averred by Kotler (1980), â€Å"in developing a brand, the manufacturer has to establish the brand’s quality level and other attributes that will support the brand’s targeted position in the marketplace† (368). By identifying 20 potential brand names, respondents were given an appropriate number of choices to select from. The different stages from the two alternatives were effective in sorting out, those name that were perceived to either be most appropriate for the brand or least appropriate for the brand name. As

Monday, November 18, 2019

Thomas King's Truth about Stories and Its Impact on Social Workers Assignment

Thomas King's Truth about Stories and Its Impact on Social Workers - Assignment Example I think this is a message that is especially important for social workers to keep in mind as they struggle to help those who are not a part of the dominant culture or socio-economic class. One thing that makes Kings message so effective is the personal tone in which he tells all his stories. He frequently speaks to the reader and is not shy about telling us when he is aiming for a story-telling tone. In the first chapter, he tells two different creation myths, one Christian, and one Native. The tones he uses to tell them are very different, as he points out afterwards. â€Å"In the Native story†, he says, â€Å"I tried to recreate an oral storytelling voice and craft the story in terms of a performance for a general audience† (King, 2003, p.22). However, the Christian version told with a less playful tone, used a â€Å"sober voice† which â€Å"makes for a formal recitation but creates a sense of veracity† (King, 2003, p.23). Kings stories in the book usually use a mix of these two tones, and the result is one which speaks directly to people and seems realistic without being unengaging. Also, the storytelling tone is part of the problem King wishes to speak about, that Native people are never really taken seriously and understood from their own points of view, but lumped into one big category, Native, and viewed as a sort of childish un-advanced race of people. As he says of his Native creation myth, â€Å"the conversation voice tends to highlight the exuberance of the story but diminishes its authority† (King, 2003, p.22-23). This, usually in the guise of focusing on Native performers who had to struggle to figure out whether they were still Native Americans or something else entirely, is a central theme throughout the book, along with the stereotyping that causes this main problem.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Introduction Of Information And Communication Technologies Commerce Essay

Introduction Of Information And Communication Technologies Commerce Essay In this era of modernisation, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a vital role in businesses and firms of all sizes. The term ICT has progressed and evolved to include many aspects of computing and technology, and has indeed become very distinguishable. In this essay, the ways in which the introduction of ICT affects power relations in the workplace will be discussed. First, a definition of the phrases ICT and power relations in the workplace will be provided. In what follows, I will establish the particular effects that ICT directly brings to the workplace namely surveillance, a change to organization structure, increased communication as well as how it skills and deskills workers. Explanation on how these effects subsequently affect power relations in the workplace will then be provided. The Information Technology Association of America defines ICT as the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ICT involves converting, protecting, transferring, keeping and receiving information. This is all done with the aid of computers and software. On the other hand, power refers to the ability to translate influence or make a difference. The actions of one person affect that of another. According to Foucault (1988), within the field of power relations, what one person does affects a second, which affects a third, and so on. The characteristic of power relations is that, as agents in the structure, some men can more or less determine other mens conduct, but never exhaustively (David Owen, 1994). Power relations precipitate all the strategies, the networks, the mechanisms, all those techniques by which a decision is accepted and by which that decision could not but be taken in the way it was. Foucault goes on to say that Power relations are multiple; they have different forms, they can be in play in family relations, or within an institution, or an administration or between a dominating and a dominated class. In this essay, it can be summarized that power relations in the workplace means the ability to affect how other people w ithin the workplace do work. Surveillance The introduction of Scientific Management, also known as Taylorism saw an era where managers strived for control over workers. The introduction of ICT to the workplace has allowed managers to practice methods of worker surveillance that have never been seen before. ICT has given managers the ability to pry on their staff by doing things like keystroke counting, listening in on phone conversations (to monitor quality of service provided by staff), telephone call accounting (registering information about the time, duration, destination and cost of phone calls), entry and exit controls using smart cards (which give information on staff whereabouts), electronic cash registers and product scanning systems (provides details on who handles what merchandise, volume handled and how efficiently), the reading of electronic mail and the use of video cameras for video surveillance (After ILO, 1993, pp. 12 13). In the past, managers were only able to monitor the performance of whole departments by monitoring things like quantity and quality of products produced. However, new information technologies have enabled employers to gather highly detailed performance related data regarding not only the work but each individual worker itself. This can now be done on a minute by minute basis and often without the employee being aware (Gandy, 1993; Lyon, 1994). The information gathered by managers is most of the time too overwhelming to go through stringently. Power relations become relevant when this vast information about worker performance is collected. This is because managers must now decide if or how to use the information gathered on worker performance. Due to the economic demands to become more efficient and more profitable, managers are pressured to use the information at hand to hopefully enhance performance and efficiency of workers (Susan Bryant, 1995). Managers or employers will be able to take courses of action based on the worker performance information. For instance, reprimanding individual employees for dismal performance or changing standard operating procedures. One of the side effects of this is that it legitimizes decisions to further intensify worker surveillance for the benefit of profitability and efficiency. Modern surveillance in the workplace can be modelled after Jeremy Benthams Panopticon the prison complex designed whereby prison guards would be able to watch prisoners without being watched back (Zuboff, 1988). Nevertheless workplace surveillance using ICT differs from Benthams Panopticon because workers are certain that they are being watched all the time. The constant visibility and unverifiability that employees experience through workplace surveillance may have significant positive implications on the way they work (Zuboff, 1988, p. 321). A phenomenon that Zuboff refers to as anticipatory conformity often happens because of the mere existence of surveillance. Since workers are aware they are consistently being watched, a culture of self discipline tends to take place to reduce the risk of unwanted discovery. This is interesting because it allows change in the way workers work without management having to take extra action. This worker self discipline helps prove Foucaults argument (1979) that sooner or later, individuals become bearers of their own surveillance. (Lyon, 1994, pg. 133) Even if workers dont willingly self discipline themselves, it is highly likely that because of the readily available system generated information about each others performance, peer surveillance and intervention will get to them before management intervention will (Laabs, 1992; Lyon, 1994). As employees become more and more accustomed to surveillance methods, employees may be able to get away with doing less by working around existing sys tems to avoid detection. However, such occurrences are deemed to be less likely to happen compared to trends of conformity (Zuboff, 1988). It may also be argued that surveillance encourages workers to work harder and to become more productive as their efforts are now more easily recognized by management. This means that individual workers are more likely to be rewarded for putting in extra effort. Furthermore, employees are less likely to be put at fault for the wrongs of others. This phenomenon also happens automatically because of the existence of surveillance in the workplace without any direct intervention from management (Zuboff, 1988). The last two points show how the existence of ICT in the workplace (which allows for worker surveillance) may allow for management to relax control over workers and at the same time expect positive returns whilst having to exert less authority or power in the workplace. Communication and Organization Structure The introduction of ICT has allowed us to interact at almost same speeds a matter of seconds regardless of whether we are a few meters or a few miles away from one another. In the past two decades following the birth of utilities like e-mail and ultra fast internet connections, the workplace has experienced a significant change in operating procedures and structure due to this advancement in communication capabilities. Firms are now able to function on a transnational basis. Managers from firms are able to operate from their home countries without having to incur the financial, physical and opportunity cost of leaving their home country (or at least less often). The ability to communicate over distances and at such great speed has allowed managers to run things thousands of miles away on a real time basis. The complexity of a firm may change from that of vertically complex to horizontally complex due to the ability of managers on top of the hierarchy to communicate with more people at a greater ease. The need for extra layers of hierarchy to delegate tasks becomes unnecessary because of better communication technology. Workers at the lower end/bottom of hierarchy may find it easier to pitch ideas because there may be less red tape to go through before their idea can be proposed. On the other hand, CEOs may find that instructions are conveyed to their subordinates more clearly and effectively because these instructions need not be passed on to too many levels of management before it reaches everyone. The ability to communicate with ICT may also affect the centralization of a firm. A centralized firm is one where decisions in the organization are concentrated at one point. The introduction of ICT will become a catalyst to the decentralization of a firm (John Bratton, 2007). With ICT, it is much easier for senior management to solicit information and ideas from workers down the hierarchy. This is because, as mentioned, the means of communication make conveying and soliciting an idea much simpler than before. Prior to this, a physical meeting with high level management would be needed to pitch an idea; which means that it would virtually be impossible for a low rank worker to contribute any ideas to the firm. With the improved ability to communicate amongst workers and management, senior management might be willing to give more decision making autonomy to workers since their input would be more accessible. This has a major impact on power relations in a firm because communication ma y allow for control to be relaxed as decision making input may come from both sides of the hierarchy. Having said that, the extensive use of e-mail and electronic communication in the workplace means people seldom ever have to meet (Argyll and Cook, 1976). Not physically meeting takes away the ability to analyze the personal construct of others (Adam Webber, 1981). Personal construct theory deals with a range of professional social skills that enable people to analyze interactions from different perspectives and make judgements about peoples personalities and meanings. These skills are drawn from physical interaction with individuals. The effects of this are adverse because little or no consideration will be taken about workers feelings and personality. Deskilling and Enskilling Argument Deskilling is defined as a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job, which leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages paid for that job (Bratton, 2007). In the Taylorist context, the deskilling argument focuses on the division of mental and physical labour and the breaking up of complex tasks into smaller, more discrete ones. The logic of capitalist production requires the constant transformation of techniques of production. This involves an increase in mechanization, automation which results in the displacement of skills (Penn Scattergood, 1985). The workforce becomes even more degraded and deskilled. For instance, fast food or retail outlets have electronic tills that scan, calculate and tell the cashier how much money to return to the customer as change. The cashiers job is repetitive, relatively simple and easy to keep an eye on because everything is electronic. The main goal of this is to not only ensure worker efficiency but to increase the degree of control the management has over workers. Very little is taken into consideration about worker satisfaction or fulfilment. Harry Braverman notes that the goal of the labour process under capitalism is to generate managerial control for maximization of efficiency and profitability (Glenn and Feldberg, 1979). Due to the fact that workers under this condition only concentrate on specific tasks, they lack the skills to do things out of their job requirement, perhaps because they have neglected and hence have forgotten about those skills. On the other hand, let us consider the enskilling argument. Enskilling is described as changes in work often involving technology that result in an increase in the skill level of workers (Bratton, 2007). Many individuals would have been retrenched due to technology making certain manual jobs automated. However, for those who still have their jobs, their job scope would have increased. ICT enables more people do more things. For instance, an editor in a publishing house in the 1970s would only have enough expertise and minutes in a day to be in charge of reading and editing hand written manuscripts whilst having to send them back and forth to the author through traditional postal mail. With ICT, manuscripts may be written, edited, and transmitted digitally; which saves time. ICT also makes it easy enough for the 21st century editor to acquire other hands on skills such as video editing and graphic design; tasks that would have formerly been left to specialist in those fields. In addition, one would be would be required to exercise many other discrete competencies such as copy editing, marketing skills and negotiating ability (Barry, Chandler, Clark, Johnston, Needle, 2000). Here, it is possible to notice an increase in skill variety, task identity and task feedback. The increased skill of the worker allows managers to give more autonomy to them. This effectively means that management may loosen its control over workers relaxing power relations between management and workers. However, some have argued that this enskilling of workers allow managers to control workers to a higher extent because tasks are now centralized on less individuals compared to when they were spread out over large amounts of people in scientific management. Conclusion I have displayed how the introduction of ICT to the workplace has caused an increase in worker surveillance, a greater capability to communicate and the enskilling/deskilling phenomena. I have then shown how the mentioned effects of ICT have affected power relations within the workplace by altering the magnitude (increase and decrease) of control, authority and influence management has over workers.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Repetitive, Meditative Style of Lawrences Birds, Beasts, and Flowe

The Repetitive, Meditative Style of Lawrence's Birds, Beasts, and Flowers D. H. Lawrence is not a formalist. He derives his free verse style from prolonged experience with imaginative essays in which he objectively and vividly contemplates things, people, and places in their singleness rather than in their relationship to each other. Lawrence's purpose, according to Gilbert, is "knowledge through meditation": he essays "to know something . . . intuitively . . . obliquely . . . fragmentarily; not through orderly ratiocination, but through emotional perception." As his style developed, Lawrence's essays became "increasingly idiosyncratic, increasingly elliptical, spontaneous and jazzy, as though reflecting the process rather than the product of thought." Gilbert finds Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, Lawrence's sixth volume of poetry, written in a "casual, improvisational, unfinished style" that "functions not only as a means of communication but [also] as a process of discovery" (131-32). Building on Gilbert's studies, an examination of "Fruits," the first sequence of the nine-part Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, reveals that Lawrence's repetitive, meditative style employs three types of repetition. "Fruits," an archetypal sequence about eating fruit and being changed by its magical properties, admits readers into Lawrence's meditations and his Blakeian journey to the natural world (Gilbert 333). The poet/narrator tantalizes his prissy countrymen by suggestively dangling fruits that hold "a secret that can be experienced with the senses, but cannot be grasped intellectually" (Lockwood 105). Lawrence accomplishes his poetic journey through revisions of myths. The opening poem, "Pomegranate," which alludes to the myth of Pers... ...h life with "family and friends" (Unterecker 241). Works Cited French, Roberts W. "Lawrence and American Poetry." The Legacy of D. H. Lawrence, Jeffrey Meyers, ed. New York: St. Martin's P, 1987. 109-34. Gilbert, Sandra M. Acts of Attention: The Poems of D. H. Lawrence. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1990. Lawrence, D. H. Birds, Beasts, and Flowers. New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923. Lockwood, M. J. A Study of the Poems of D. H. Lawrence: Thinking in Poetry. Houndsmills, England: MacMillan P, 1987. Murfin, Ross C. The Poetry of D. H. Lawrence: Texts and Contexts. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1983. Unterecker, John. "Of Father, of Son: On "Fergus Falling," "After Making Love We Hear Footsteps," and Angling, a Day." On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell: The Wages of Dying, Howard Nelson, ed. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1987. 227-41.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Stigma in retirement

Introduction:Company retirement is no longer stigma in today ‘s universe. More and more people are go oning to work after retirement age for a assortment of grounds. No uncertainty for a big figure the chief ground for working after retirement age will be fiscal, but for others accomplishing a balance between work and place life is an of import issue. Some people do really see the chance of halting work wholly as a chilling option and many will ease their manner into retirement by go oning to work but with more flexible or parttime hours. There are around 6 1000000s people between the age of 50 and retirement age still actively employed.Theory:Mortgages No Longer a Stigma in RetirementReflecting a monolithic alteration from the anterior coevals when a major end of retirement was to â€Å"burn the mortgage, † more than 55 per centum of boomers surveyed who presently hold mortgages do non be after to pay their mortgages off until their 70s, if of all time. This tendency wa s most marked in the Western US, where 31 per centum of those with mortgages do non of all time intend to pay them off, compared with 25 per centum in the South, 18 per centum in the Midwest and 11 per centum in the Northeast. Of the 500 boomers surveyed about two-thirds presently have mortgages on their abodes. The staying 3rd either rent or do non hold a mortgage. â€Å"Contrary to conventional wisdom, mortgages can really be a wealth-building tool for boomers throughout their retirement years†.In add-on to their revenue enhancement benefits, mortgages help liberate up financess that otherwise would be tied up in belongings ownership for investing in equities. 1 ) The normal retiring age for lasting employees is 60 ( 60 ) old ages. The retirement age of 60 ( 60 ) for ATS staff must be enforced, as agreed by Finance and General Purposes Committee, Mona, at its meeting held on September 27,1999. 2 ) An employee may be retired before the age of 60 ( 60 ) if he/she is found to be enduring from a chronic medical status, or is for good handicapped and, as a consequence, is unable to to the full or decently dispatch the undertakings, responsibilities and duties of his/her occupation, or comply with the footings and conditions of his/her employment. The effectual day of the month of retirement is the staff member ‘s sixtieth birthday. Therefore, the last on the job twenty-four hours would be the twenty-four hours on which he/she attains the age of 60.PensionMembers of staff who were employed and lending to the pension strategy prior to August 1, 2002, can bespeak a ball sum payment of their employee and employer ‘s part or purchase a pension with the returns from his or her Old-age pension. Members who joined the strategy on or after August 1, 2002 may merely buy a pension with the returns from their old-age pension.HealthThe University covers the full cost of wellness insurance for retired persons who are in reception of a pension from the University. Impermanent employment beyond retiring age may be granted up to the age of 65 ( 65 ) . In really exceeding instances, the University may see impermanent employment beyond the age of 65 ( 65 ) , but non beyond 70 ( 70 ) old ages. Retirees may merely be retained where the station has been advertised and a suited replacing is non found. If a suited replacing is non found and the retired staff member is to be re-engaged, there must be a interruption in service for a lower limit of two ( 2 ) hebdomads. The retired person will be issued a particular Contract for services by the Human Resource Management Division with footings negotiated between the retired staff member and the University. These footings will include an across-the-board amount, which will non needfully be the same as those for a regular staff member. Under this contract, the retired person will be engaged to supply specific services to the University under specific footings of mention. This contract should be of a fixed period non transcending one ( 1 ) twelvemonth and will include an terminal of contract tip of 10 % of the contract amount.The granting of such petition for re-employment is at the discretion of the University.The Finance and General Purposes Committee, Mona, established the following standards to be applied purely beyond 65 ( 65 ) old ag es, but laxly between 60-65 old ages.The employee must hold rendered outstanding service in a peculiar field and should hold demonstrated a proper work attitude. This should be clearly stated in a particular rating of the employee by the Head of Department and should be supported by a summarised research into the employee ‘s record by the Human Resource Management Division.The employee must be in a province of physical/mental fittingness, grounds of which should be corroborated by the employee ‘s medical history as recorded in his/her file.The Head of Department must be able to bespeak that the work of the Department would be adversely affected if the cognition, accomplishments and experience of the employee were non retained.Re-engagement of a retired person is capable to a satisfactory medical report..1. Normal IncreasesIf an employee is granted extension of assignment on a annual footing the Head of Department should do a recommendation for the granting of any one-yea r increase.2. Long Service AwardAn employee ‘s impermanent service beyond retirement will be regarded for the intents of finding eligibility for Long Service Award.3. Educational FacilitiesA retired person who is appointed on a impermanent contract beyond the retiring age, along with his/her wife/ hubby and/or kids, who has been accepted for entry to the University are exempt from paying tuition and scrutiny fees.4. Commissariats in the event of DeathThe University will pay to the widow or widowman, or if there are orphan dependent kids, to a legal guardian for their benefit, a particular grant of an sum equivalent to one twelvemonth ‘s wage at the rate at which a deceased employee on impermanent contract beyond retiring age was paid as at 1st August predating decease.PensionAt retirement, members of staff are paid the accrued value of their Federation Superannuation Scheme for Universities ( FSSU ) financess. If the member of staff is tenured and has served for more tha n 10 ( 10 ) old ages continuously with the University, an appraisal is done and, if necessary, a auxiliary pension is provided.HousingRetired members of staff who were housed in University lodging instantly prior to the effectual day of the month of their retirement, are allowed to stay in University adjustment for up to three months after retirement, nevertheless, they would be required to pay a monthly lease at the appropriate commercial rate.Book GrantStaff members traveling on retirement may utilize, within one ( 1 ) twelvemonth of their retirement, the balance of the Grant credited to their history at the day of the month of retirement.HealthThe University covers the full cost of wellness insurance for retired persons who are in reception of a pension from the University. Personal Rewards Outrank Economic Rewards as Reason to Work More than three quarters ( 76 % ) of boomers surveyed who are still working program to go on working after age 62, the age when they are eligible to have Social Security. A singular 40 per centum program to go on working into their 70s. For those who will go on working past age 62, the major ground cited ( 72 % ) to go on working was for the â€Å"intellectual and societal stimulation† work provides, followed by the end of keeping criterion of life at 51 per centum and to avoid tapping into nest eggs at 41 per centum. The form was the same for those be aftering to work into their 70s, with three quarters be aftering to maintain working for rational and societal stimulation and 39 per centum to keep their criterion of life. Economicss are non the primary ground these flush boomers are go oning to work. They are making the highest degree in their callings, doing more money, learning and developing the newer members of our workforce—work provides satisfactions good beyond their demand for income. Of those taking the study, 29 per centum describe themselves as being retired in the conventional sense, while 71 per centum are still employed. But in Britain retirement is non a stigma.They can non be denied from the occupation on the footing of age.Your Right to WorkRegulations in Britain mean that an employer can non know apart against workers on the evidences of age. These ordinances were brought into consequence in 2006 in order that older people have the same rights to employment, preparation and grownup instruction. It is improper for an employer to utilize age as a ground for favoritism on the undermentioned points: –Deny person preparationPrevent publicityDismiss person from their employmentDeny employment to personRetire person before the province employment age or the company ‘s ain retirement age without a valid groundHowever, an employer still has the right to decline person over the age of 65 or over said employer ‘s usual company retirement age, and they do non necessitate to give any grounds or justifications.Working and Your State PensionIf you are go oning to work after retirement age so you can either claim your pension or postpone it. If you choose to take your pension subsequently so you may be able to acquire a higher rate of pension subsequently on, or you may be able to take the deferred sum as a ball amount. The ball amount will be nonexempt but will hold added involvement and so you can get down having your normal pension. If you are sing either of these options so you will necessitate to detain claiming your pension for at least five hebdomads in order to have the higher rate. For the ball amount you will necessitate to detain for at least 12 back-to-back months.Finding WorkThere are eternal possibilities for older workers when it comes to happening employment. Many older employees wrongly assume that they will be passed over in favor of younger employees but this is non ever the instance. Some employers look favorably on older workers due to their dependability, accomplishments, and the fact that they take less ill clip than younger employees. There are authorities strategies specifically designed to assist older people find employment such as New Deal 50 Plus and New Deal for Disabled People. These strategies are designed to assist older people who are happening it hard to obtain employment or happening employment that pays a nice pay. Job-sharing is besides an first-class manner of working part-time or working to more flexible hours ; you can ever inquire your employer if they would see flexible hours. Asked about their figure one calling end over the following five old ages, most boomers ( 53 % ) will go on making their current work until they retire, while a one-fourth of boomers are seeking continued growing in their current callings. Merely 10 per centum citation â€Å"to halt working† as a end.Voluntary WorkVoluntary work is an first-class option if you are sing go oning to work after retirement age. Although normally unpaid, you can derive valuable new accomplishments, and some voluntary occupations will pay revenue enhancement free disbursals or reimburse your disbursals. Volunteer occupations can include working for the Citizens Advice Bureau ( CAB ) , working in tourer information offices and charity stores, voluntary drivers, or you can even go a local council member. Continuing to work after retirement is a popular and good pick for many older workers. The retirement age is merely a guideline when it comes to work there is no ground why you can non work long past retirement age if you are healthy and able to.Private Investment Accounts Fund RetirementsAsked what the chief beginning of support for retirement is, the largest figure of boomers ( 31 % ) cited investings outside of a retirement program as the â€Å"principal† beginning that will fund their retirement. â€Å"This happening supports the importance of keeping a robust personal investing program throughout a life-time, † says Jim Bell. â€Å"To have a comfy retirement, this coevals must augment traditional tax-deferred retirement nest eggs programs and pensions, with their ain investing program — ideally by using a healthy mix of equity investments.† Baby boomers ranked the â€Å"principal† beginning of retirement support as:Investings outside of a retirement program: 31 %Pension program: 23 %Company-sponsored programs such as 401 ( K ) : 19 %Individual Retirement Account ( IRA ) : 17 %Social Security: 4 %Survey MethodologyThe Affluent Boomer Survey was conducted by Opinion Research Corporation from April 1-6, 2008, among a random sample of 500 grownups comprised of 250 work forces and 250 adult females who were born in 1948 and have investible assets of $ 1 million or more. Bell Investment Advisors offers investing direction, comprehensive fiscal planning, and career/life planning services to assist investors be after and accomplish their personal and retirement ends. The house manages more than $ 500 million for its more than 650 clients. In 2007, Bell Investment Advisors was named one of the Bay Area ‘s 100 Fastest Turning Privately Held Businesss by the San Francisco Business Times for the 4th twelvemonth in a row.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Walmart currently employees more that 2 million people worldwide in their more than 10,000 retail stores, strategically located in 27 different countries worldwide (Walmart Inc., 2013). In 2012 the company reported earning well over 400 billion dollars (Walmart Inc., 2013; â€Å"Walmart- Refocus,† 2006). Here in the third week of the needs assessment being conducted on behalf of our client Sams’s Club a division of Walmart Inc., the focus surrounds the collection and its analysis. Following the collection of data and a meeting was held with Sam’s Club management and a recommendation was made based on this analysis. The recommendations made was based on the findings generated from random customer satisfaction survey, selection process for focus groups, identifying and documenting key organizational objectives through questionnaires and surveys, collecting and tabulating responses from returned email questionnaires conducted over a two week period. As the world’s largest retailer, Walmart still faces the potential of not having the relative flexibility to act swiftly in response to changing global markets, fostering a universal company culture in all its locations, addressing the high rates of turnovers, or providing the same level of customer service and productivity globally. Realizing that there are several areas that need to be address using data collected from several source, random customer survey, employee surveys and questionnaire, small focus groups, the data determined the best approach to achieving improvement in alignment with the company’s goal is to address the issue of poor job satisfaction, which data indicates is a direct result of high turnover rates seen by Walmart. According to one finding although the retail giant has continued to grow and expand it US market shares an increase of 13 percent in the past five years, workforce in Walmart stores, and Sam’s Club has fallen by about 1.4 percent during that same time (Ungar, 2013). The growth of the organizations has continued, however, the workforce needed to effectively meet the needs of the customer has been overlook. Based on the employee surveys, workers feel overworked, undervalued, underpaid, unclear promotional pathway, especially females. The 2001 PeopleSoft employee data release by Walmart, shows that women are represented a disproportionately higher rate than males in positions that pay an hourly rate, while men are represented at the higher salaried management positions (Drogin, 2003). References Berr, J. (2013). Who’s right about Wal-Mart’s customer satisfaction? Retrieved from http://money.msn.com/now/post.aspx?post=32a76b45-56ae-48d4-999e-05d807af1ca8 Lifestyle Statistics > Walmart Stores > Number of SAM’S CLUBS (most recent) by state . (2013). Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://www.statemaster.com/graph/lif_wal_sto_num_of_sam_clu-stores-number-sam-s-clubs Walmart Inc. (2013). Experience Walmart’s History. Retrieved from http://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/heritage/history-timeline

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

buy custom The Canadian Tourism Human Resource essay

buy custom The Canadian Tourism Human Resource essay In any part of the world tourism is a very dynamic sector that needs a lot of staff to succeed. Tourism needs people in all aspects of the tourist circuit and this poses an insatiable demand for the well trained personnel. In British Columbia, the human resource challenge brought about by dynamism is the fact that not many people working in the tourism sector have been specially trained. One may find a professional waiter taking on the duties of an usher when the demand arises. Some professionals are only needed when the demand arises and as such they result in taking on other jobs to fend for their families. According to Tourism Industry advisory council. (2006) most of the tourists visiting British Columbia are people who have prior experience in tourism having visited other parts of the world. They tend to compare the services offered in British Columbia with those they experienced elsewhere. This comes in total disregard to the numerous new opportunities and experiences that the country has to offer. The human resource well conversant with the country is thus found to be wanting in the eyes of the frequent traveler. Most of the people that work in the tourist attraction areas, in British Columbia have had no prior training in professional colleges. Rather, they have been trained on the job in the relevant institutions where they work. The human resource is rich in experience but lacks the fine touch that professional school training can offer. More and more establishments are beginning to value the training that comes with attending one of the few approved tourism colleges in the country. There are a couple of internationa training colleges that offer various courses covering the hospitality and tourism sectors present in British Columbia that train students. However, due to the dependability on seasons of the tourism sector in the country, most of them end up finding work in foreign countries. This is because competition is more dynamic in foreign countries leading to better pay for the graduates. This is not good for the long run since the tourism sector will end up lacking professionally trained staff (Propel Industry Credentials, 2008). There is also a large discrepancy in the employment numbers through the different sectors in the tourism industry. For instance, according to Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council (2011) the accommodation services required more than 66,000 members of staff as compared to 43,500 in 2001. The problem with this growth pattern is that it is unstable and as such it can record substantial increases in some years and steep declines in the following years. Another factor affecting the human resource in British Columbia is the inability for the sector to attract large numbers of talented individual to pursue careers in tourism and hospitality. This is mainly because the sector is still struggling and people look into pursuing strongly cemented careers that will guarantee success in both monetary and career growth aspects (McCallum, 2009). The food and beverage sector attracts more employees than any other sector in the tourism circle. Preliminary data for 2001 shows that tourism related employment in British Columbia stood at 14% of the overall employment in British Columbia. The rates have increased over the years to stand at 18% in the year 20099 (Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council, 2011 and The Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council and Capilano College, 2001)). This is evidence of the growth in the tourism thus it is important for the industry players to ensure that their establishments are ready to cater for the growing numbers. Tourism has also continued to attract tourists into British Columbia increasing at a rate of 11% in the last decade (BCJobs.ca , 2010). The larger numbers of these tourists are those who are attracted into the country for adventure tourism activities like skiing and golf. These are occasional adventurers who in turn require part time staff to take care of their needs during these ti mes. The tourism sector thus has to be flexible enough to accommodate these needs (Industry Canada, n.d). Projections have shown that employment in this sector is likely to reach 37,700 by 2012 and increase by a further 10,600 through to the year 2020. The annual employment growth rate is projected at 4.2%, though this figure is slightly below the growth rate experienced in this sector during much of the early 2000 (Go2, n.d.). The projections show numbers well above employment growth rates for other areas of tourism related industries. In conclusion, it is important for the industry players to take into account the different needs of tourists who frequent British Columbia and adjust accordingly (Kootenay Rockies, 2007). This will ensure that the current human resource remains employed and relevant in the sector if the tourists keep coming. Tourism is a very viable sector the world over and the staff in this sector need to be well taken care of to ensure that they remain in British Columbia to serve within it own boundaries (Victoria, 2006). Buy custom The Canadian Tourism Human Resource essay

Monday, November 4, 2019

Industrial Revolution as a Trigger of Great Britain's Growth Research Paper

Industrial Revolution as a Trigger of Great Britain's Growth - Research Paper Example The improved military capability of Britain resulted in dispersed troops searching for cover. This scattering and its impact on command power were counteracted by the invention of the telegraph. With this improvement in British armed forces came an increase in the claim for order. Hence, the transformation in the industrial power of Britain influenced their military skills. Strategies and shrewdness became less significant than productivity and supply capacity. This also relates to the available combatant population as, increasingly, recruits came to be viewed as quantities much like ammunition replacement and bullet consumption. The bigger the military force, normally coming from a bigger population base, the higher the number of fatalities it would be capable of maintaining, enlarging the odds of victory. Â   Military production was an industry that rewarded innovation. In other major industries, traditional entrepreneurs were hesitant to invest in novel process technology. The government invested in the military industry and was indifferent with the production technology provided that the goods were finished and delivered on time. Numerous technological improvements, such as iron production, the use of machine implements, and conveyer belts, were initiated through military manufacturing. The technology built for the military industry then spread out into the civilian economic sector. And since it was at the time a verified technology patron who was usually vigilant were eager to invest into these enterprises which rather than dispensing iron to produce guns now transformed iron ore into pots and stoves.Iron manufacturing received special treatment from the military industry; appropriate coverage necessitates that one monitors the military uses to which iron was placed. This is particula rly significant since the yield of the iron industry in the eighteenth century went for fairly diverse uses than those related to the modern military industry.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Multicultural Education - Essay Example The school principal is Lisa Nelson deputized by Brooke Newell. The school has 57 staffs and 694 students. The school neighborhood is surrounded by resources that are of the essence in the promotion of multicultural education. Some of the resources that promote multicultural education in the Pearland community are local parks, restaurants, school community centers and neighborhood libraries. Pearland community has among the best parks in Texas State. The parks provide residents with a place to walk and enjoy. Centennial Park is located at 3219 McLean road Pearland, TX77581. It is one of the resources that tend to boost multicultural education. People from different social standings, culture and race meet here. They talk to each other and learn a lot from the others. Students too from various schools meet here during holidays and is, therefore, a wonderful place to get to know about other people in the neighborhood. Shadow creek ranch nature trail located at 1801 kindly Drive Pearland, TX 77584 is another resource that is so vital among the people in the Pearland community as it tend to attract many families especially during weekends. It provides an opportunity for them to share their experiences and achievements. People get to know each other and learn from one another, hence promoting multicultural education. Families should be able to visit such a place and get to explore their world ( Pearland Focus Magazine).

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Outsourcing is here to Stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outsourcing is here to Stay - Essay Example Off-shoring refers to the task which is assigned to a third party based in another country away from the country who intends to carry out the work. With an increase in globalization and the amount of task being outsourced, the difference between outsourcing and off-shoring is hardly felt. Counties like India and China have been two hotspots for carrying out outsourcing task. Central and Eastern Europe are attractive destinations, but costs are rising there, too. Offshoring is actually increasing in Africa and the Middle East, but political instability poses ongoing challenges there. In our day to day use, we get to hear different abbreviations like BPO, ITO, and KPO. But what do they actually mean and where lies the difference We need to look into the details of each and try to know the difference between these three different types of outsourcing. a. Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) - it refers to outsourcing a specific business processing task. It can again be divided into two categories namely front office outsourcing and back office outsourcing. Front office outsourcing includes customer-related services like marketing, technical support etc and back office support refers to services like billing or purchasing. b. Information Processing Outsourcing (ITO) - To impart information, information processing outsourcing too is being carried out both for front and back office support. c. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (KPO) - Similar to ITO, we have the knowledge processing outsourcing units known as KPIs who by and large are knowledge-based units who provide analytical, technical and have decision-making skills. Pharmaceutical Research & Development units mainly fall under this category.     Even though outsourcing has been a very common concept in today's world mainly for the developing countries like India, but there are a large number of issues pertaining to this sector. Many BPOs, ITO, and KPIs have not been able to succeed in today's world because of a huge competition. The clients who have been able to deliver quality resource have been able to succeed. Thus, there is a need to have quality assurance and quality check to successfully carry out the task. The other problem that one can foresee is the conflict that arises between the client and the vendor. The client intends to get better service, often at lower costs, than it would get by doing the work themselves.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Epistemology - Doubt Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Doubt Essay Being certain about something can sometimes be misleading or misunderstood. You either assure certainty or question doubt. You can easily be a cocky football player, think you have the best team, and go into the game knowing you’re going to win and have no doubt that the other team is better than you, but end up losing. But as soon as you have doubt and get intimidated by the other team you instantly try your best to win the game, no matter the obstacles and challenges you go through and prove to the other team you’re better. Yes, it’s true that when you are certain about things faith and arrogance takes over and leads us to become acknowledged or at the top. But why would someone great and successful ever experience doubt? In society we have to know what we want to accomplish and how we want to get it done. One can be doubtful on being able to attain the dreams, discoveries, and challenges that come towards our life. But in the positive, a lot of the times you doubt your self so you can have the ability to push yourself to do bigger and better things. For example, you can surely take a test in class and think it’s easy and be certain that you did really well on it. But, there is always that doubt that you didn’t do well because you didn’t study or weren’t well prepared for this test. When you know something you not only have an opinion, but that opinion is true. We cant just say because we believe something, it is certain. Although everything we know is also certain, not everything we think is certain is known. A person can be certain about something that is true but in fact is, he can be wrong about it. Certainty and doubt go hand in hand because too much certainty can make a person close-minded and ignorant. Not willing to accept facts based on illogical connections to the opinions of others that have an influence strong enough to cause an irrational mental model of what is acceptable to base future opinions on and this leads to decision making that does not follow logic, but rather a misguided, irrational and closed minded. It is highly important for certainty and doubt to coexist and interact with each other to keep us in reality. Sure enough, certainty can help us to accomplish what we want to. But doubt helps us visualize limits and know how much of something we need to accomplish. Everyday I go through doubts. I doubt I’m going to finish this essay, I doubt I’m going to make it through another day of school, I doubt I’ll be able to pay my phone bill before this week, but at least I’m certain about when I come back from New Orleans this weekend I’ll be more than broke. But we as humans are made to accomplish and succeed. Giving up is not an option; more like doubting yourself isn’t. But with certainty helps us find what we really want to get done. Like this essay for example, It might not be the best in my class, (doubt) but I know I did well enough to get through my goal for this semester, which is getting a eighty or higher in all my essays for AP English (certainty).

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Nerve And Tendon Gliding Exercises Health And Social Care Essay

Nerve And Tendon Gliding Exercises Health And Social Care Essay Carpal Tunnel Syndrome was first described by Sir James Paget in 1854 but the term was coined by Moeirisch. It is a syndrome of compression neuropathy of median nerve at the wrist. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and pain, limitation of activities of daily living, loss of sleep and work disability. (Levine et al., 1993). Twenty percent of symptomatic subjects with symptoms of pain, numbness, nocturnal parasthesia and tingling sensation in the hand would be expected to have Carpal tunnel syndrome based on the clinical examination and electro physiologic testing. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PREGNANCY Carpal tunnel Syndrome is more frequent in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular fluid retention by the hormone Prolactin and produce soft tissue swelling in the later stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can thus be produced by compression or swelling of the median nerve in its synovial sheath (Gelberman et al., 1981; Snell, 2000; Szabo, 1989; Primal Pictures, 2001; Rempel et al., 1999). Many therapies have been advocated for treating the carpal tunnel syndrome including Mobilizations, nerve gliding, tendon gliding, etc. Therefore the presence study was focused on the Effect of Nerve and Tendon gliding Exercises in the functional recovery of the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Tendon gliding Exercises were mostly performed at the end range of motion at small amplitude are performed at the limit of available motion and stressed into the tissue resistance. These exercises are thought to relieve pressure on the median nerve and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also helps decrease pressure. They are also thought to help blood flow out of the carpal tunnel, which can help decrease fluid pressure. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA Pregnant Women with pain and swelling in the wrist for at least 1 month. Pregnant women with both unilateral and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women with age group between 25years and 32years. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA Non-pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women having other complications like hypothyroidism, diabetes that may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Any other trauma related injuries in hand. Males. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercises. Functional Status Scale for measuring functional activity. HYPOTHESIS Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme will be effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. NULL HYPOTHESIS There may not be any significance between the nerve and tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy using Functional Status Scale for performance and Symptom Severity Scale for wrist pain. STUDY DESIGN A total of 20 patients having carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy are selected to find out the effectiveness of nerve and tendon gliding exercises on them. The duration of study per patient 4 weeks Treatment session 10 minutes per session / 2settings Treatment per week 7 days DURATION OF STUDY: 6 months OUTCOME Relief of pain and swelling in hand. An improvement in the functional ability of hand. Awareness is created for the working pregnant women especially with computers, typewriters, cake decorators, postal workers, dentists, and dental technicians virtually, who use their hands and wrists repetitively. Avoiding the severity of median nerve injury, which may lead to claw hand if unnoticed. INTRODUCTION Sir James Paget first described carpal Tunnel Syndrome in 1854 but Moeirisch coined the term. It is a syndrome of compression neuropathy of median nerve at the wrist. INTRODUCTION: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and pain, limitation of activities of daily living, loss of sleep and work disability. (Levine et al., 1993). The Carpal Tunnels floor is made up of the 8 tiny wrist bones. Its roof is a thick ligament called the transverse carpal ligament. 9 tendons pass through this tunnel. 4 of the 9 tendons bend the tips of the finger, another 4 of the 9 tendons bend the middle joints of the finger, and the 9th tendon bends the thumb tip. The median nerve passes through this tunnel. When there is swelling or if there is thickening of the ligament the nerve gets pinched or compresses. With enough compression carpal tunnel symptoms occur. If the compression is severe or occurs over a longer period of time the nerve may change shape and flatten causing some permanent damage. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs due to many causes like Wrist injury CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PREGNANCY Carpal tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is more frequent in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular fluid retention by the hormone Prolactin and produce soft tissue swelling in the later stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can thus be produced by compression or swelling of the median nerve in its synovial sheath (Gelberman et al., 1981; Snell, 2000; Szabo, 1989; Primal Pictures, 2001; Rempel et al., 1999). CTS have been recognized as a common complication of pregnancy (HeckmanSassard, 1994). The pathophysiology of pregnancy related CTS (PRCTS) has been mostly attributed to redistribution of fluids (Ekman-Ordeberg et al., 1987; Wand, 1990; Pauda et al.,2001). Signs And Symptoms 1.Pain that shoots from the hand up the arm as far as the shoulder. 2.Tingling in the hands during the day or the night that disrupts sleep and limits the ability to grasp objects with the hands. 3.Weak feeling in the hands, and the inability to pick up small objects. 4. The feeling that the hands are swollen, even if they do not appear to be so. 5.Burning numbness and tingling sensation in the thumb and first three fingers. 6.Weakness in the muscle at the base of the thumb, near the palm. Motor weakness will be seen in abductor pollicis brevis, flexor polices brevis and opponens policis brevis. Passive flexion or hyperextension of the affected hand at the wrist for more than one minute may worsaen symptoms.(Phalen.G.S.,1966). Percussion of the median nerve at the wrist causes paresthesis of the digits (Steward.J.D.,1978). Early Treatment 1.Splinting the wrist in a neutral position. 2.Avoiding the activities which causes pain if possible 3.Tendon and nerve gliding exercises. 4.Massaging 5.Elevating the arm or flicking 6.Neural mobilization 7.Ultrasound, icing, as pain relieving modality etc. Non operative treatment s is more effective in early stageas such as NSAIDS and local corticosteroids injections.If the probl;em is severe surgery is made to release the carpal tunnel. Diagnostic criteria Harrington etal suggested surveillance criteria for carpal tunnel syndrome should be pain or parasthesia or sensory losss in the median nerve distribution and one of the following: Tinels sign positive Phalens test positive Nocturnal exacerbation of symptoms Motor loss with wasting of the abductor pollicis brevis Abnormal nerve conduction studies. Nocturnal and exertonal dyesthesias in the radial half of the palm occur in 10% to 25% of pregnant women. When the carpal tunnel syndrome occurs, the symptoms area more often bilateral. Onset of symptoms is typical during the third trimester. Because of itas trnsient nature carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy is best treated by using conservative measures, such as tendon and nerve gliding exercises. That subsequent pregnanciesaraae frequently associated with repeated episodes of carpal tunnel syndrome confirms the association of carpal tunnel syndrome and pregnancy. Gliding Exercises Tendon gliding and median nerve-gliding exercises are two types of exercises that may help with carpal tunnel syndrome. These exercises are thought to relieve pressure on the median nerve and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also helps decrease pressure. They are aolso thought to help blood fow out of the carpal tunnel, which can help decrease fluid pressure. Fist Flexion Exercises Fist Flexion Exercises(also known as tendon gliding exercises) move your fingers through five positions while your wrist stays in a neutral position(meaning it is not bend). To perform this exercise, do the following: 1.Start with your fingers straight. 2.Make a hook fist and then return to a straight hand. 3.Make a straight fist and then return to a straight hand. 4.Make a full fist andthen return to a straight hand. Hold each positons for seven seconds amd do 10 repetitions. Repeat three times to five timeas a day. Median Nerve Gliding Exercises For median nerve gliding exercises ou move yout thumb through 6 positi0nswhile your wrist stays a neutral position. To perform this exercise, do the following: 1.Begin by making a fist with your wrisat in the neutral position. 2.Straigthen your fingers anad thumb. 3.Bend your wrist back and move your thumb away from your palm 4.Turn your wrist palm up 5.Use your other hand to gently pull uyout thumb farther away from your palm. Hold each position for seven seconds, and do five repetitions. Repeat three ti five times a day. Effectiveness of the Tendon and nerve gliding exercises used as conservative treatment approachesd in relieving the symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.(Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et al.,) Definition Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition caused by compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel leads to sensory changesover the lateral side of the hand and muscle weakness in thenar eminence, results in pain, numbness and tingling of fingers. It usually occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. Aim of Study A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NERVE AND TENDON GLIDING EXERCISES AS TREATMENT APPROACH TO CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME DURING PREGNANCY. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy using Functional Status Scale for performance and Visual Analogue scale for wrist pain. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS There may not be no significance between the nerve and tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Alternate Hypothesis Nerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme will be effective in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Review of literature 1.Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et.al Conducted an experiment study on total of 26 patients with caroal tunnel syndrome were divided into two groups. In one group the volar splint were applied and trained to modify their functional activities in accordance witrh conservative treatment. In group two tendon gliding exercises were continued for 4 weeks with numeric rating scale and Gonuiometry. It comcluded that group two reported excellent results in pain reduction and functional improvement than gropup one. 2.Akaline.E.,et.al.,(2002) Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with a total of 28 patients with 36 hands of CTS, which were divided into two groups, with 14 patients each. One group was treated with nerve and tendon gliding exercises along with custom made neutral volar splint, and another group was treataed with only neutral volar splint for 4 weeks continuously. Patientas satisfaction was invesatigated during the follow up ranging from 5-11 month, with a mean of 8 month. The study explained that, of those patients who performed nerve and tendon gliding exercise with wearing custom made neutral volar splint, 93% reported good results, and of those patients who have only wearing neutral volar splint, 72% reported good results. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 2002, Feb;81(2), Pp:108-13). 3.Rosemaryn .L.M., et.al.,(1998) Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with 240 hands, from 197 patients. They were divided into two groups. Patients in both groups were treated with standard conservative methods, and those in one group were also treated with a program of nerve and tendon gliding exercise of those who did not perform the nerve and tendon gliding exercise, 71.2% underwent surgery compared with only 43.0% of patients who did perform them. Patient in experimental group, who did not undergo surgery were interviewed at an average follow-up time of 23 months (range, 14-38 months), of these 53 patients, 47(89%) responded to this detailed interview of those 47, who responded, 70.2% reported good or excellent results, 19.2% remained symptomatic, and 10.6% were non-complaint.(Journal of Hand Therapy, 1998, Jul-Sep:11(3),171-9). 4.Dakowick.A.,(2005) the purpose of the study was to evaluate the usefulness in conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. 40 Patients aged 30-72 years, with unilateral CTS cofirmed by EMG examination were included. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on clinical symptoms according to Whitley. The character of pain, its frequency and intensity (VAS Scale) were determined using parameter. Decrease in pain was observed by the usae of VAS. (Rock Akad Med Bialmyst, 2005:50-suppi:196-8). 5.Bonebrake.A.R.,et.al.,(1990) the study was designed to assess the efficacy of a proposed new and unique programme relative to treatment. The patients diagnosed as CTS were compared to control to a control population showing no symptoms. Prior to undergoing treatment and following completion of the treatment programme. Results indicate that individuals with CTS had significantly lower values in strength, ROM, and slower task performance than did the control;ratings of pain anad distress were also significantly higher than the control groups. Analysis of the post treatmaent cases revealed statistically significant improvements in several measures of up to statistically significant improvements in several measure of up to 25% over post treatment values. Significant improvement was also shown to several ROM measures of upto 22%. Finally, a significant reduction of 15% pain and distress ratings was demonstrated in the post treatment cases. (Journal of Manipulative Physical Therapy, 1994 (May);17(4):246-249). 6.Scrimsha.S.R.,et.al.,(2001) Conducted a comparative study between the responsiveness of Visual analogue scale and McGill pain questionnaire. Measures in 75% patients and concluded that the VAS was a better tool than the McGill pain questionnaire for measuring pain in clinical practise. 7.O.Baysal, Z.Altay et.al Conducted a study in 28 female patient with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of bilateral carapal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 received tendon gliding exercise with splinting. Group 2 received splinting with ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks with Visual analogue scale and Functional status scale. 8.Bringer TL.,Roger IC et.al conducted a randomized trial in totoal of 61 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into four groups. Group 1 received neutral wrist and MCP exercise group. Group 2 received neutral wrist MCP exercise along with splint. Group 3 received wrist cock-up exercise and Group 4 received wrist cock-up exercise and tendon gliding exercise along with splintas perfoarmed 3 times a day. The tool used to asses the function is functional Status Scale and Symptom Severity Scale. There was significant effect in Group4. 9. Sonodyn, Sieman(2000) Conducted an experiment on study of 16 patients. They was treataed with Ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks and the pain was assessed. In this, 88% reported good reasult and reduction pain was assessed by using Visual Analogue Scale. 10. Davis.P.T.,et. al., (1998) Conducted an experimental study to compare the efficiency of conservative management care with chiropractic care in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The group with 9 week of treatment and a 1 month follow-up interview. 96 eligible patients with symptoms were conformend by clinical exam and nerve conduction studies. Conservative treamtment included mobilization of carpal bone, soft tissues, joints (three treatment per week for 2 wee, two treatment per week for 3 week, and one treatment per week for 4 wek). Main outcomes measures were pre and post assessment of self reported physical and mental distress, nerve-conduction studies, results show that there was significant improvement in perceived function and comfort, neve conductuion and finger sensation. (Journal of Manipulative Physiotherapy, 1999 June;22(55);348-9) 11. FD Burke, J Ellis, H McKenna, M J Bradley(2003) Carpal Tunnel syndrome of mild to moderate severity can often be effectively treated in a primary care environment. Work space modifications wrist splints tendon and nerve gliding exercises are of benefit and useful for symptomatic women in the third trimester of pregnancy. 12.Shaafi Sh*, Naimain Sh*, Iromlou H*, Sayyah Melli M** A convenience sample of 90 pregnant women (30 women from each trimester) were referred from Al-Zahra Hospital of the electrodiagnostic ward of examined clinically and then by electroneurodiagnostic tests.There were suspected symptoms of CTS in 45 patients. The most frequent symptom and sign were hands paresthesia(34%) and positive tinel and phalen sign(each22%). CTS was definite diagnosis in 15 women(16.6%) by electroneurodiagnostic studies. Mild bilateral involvement was seen in 73.3% of patients. There was a meaningful relationship between CTAS and trimester that 26.6% of patients were at third trimester. Also there was a meaningful relation to age. The CTS was more frequent in ilder women. 13.BaumannF, Karlikaya G, Yuksel G, Citci B, Kose G, Tireli H(2007) Pregnant women in the third trimesater (n=69) and age-matched non-pregnant women (n=40) asymptomatic for CTS were included in the studyNerve conductn studies of themedian and the ulnar nerves across the carpal tunnel were bilaterally performed with the standard techniques. All the median sensory nerve conduction studies performed from the ring finger and palmar region to the wrist. Median sensory nerve latencies from palmar branches to wrist were significantly longer in the pregnant group.(p 14. OConner.D.,et.al.,(2002) Conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of non surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome versus a placebo or other non-surgical control interventions in improving clinical outcome. Twenty ine trials involving 884 people were included. In one trial involving 21 people carpal bone mobilization significantly improved symptoms after three weeks, (weighted mean difference is -1.43;95% confidence interval is 2.19 to -0.67), compared to no treamtment. Current evidence shows significant short term bebefit from carpal bone mobilization. (Cochrane Databasae syst Rev.2003;(1):CD003219). MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY FULL PAGE MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY MATERIALS USED Couch Chair Pillow Foot stool VAS SCALE FUNCTIONAL STATUS SCALE METHODOLOGY STUDY DESIGN Quasi experimental study with Pre Vs.Post test design. STUDY SAMPLING The 10 samplings were selected from Retna Global Hospital, Trichy and Thanthai Roever College of Physiotherapy, perambalur. A total number of 10 subjects were diagnosed as symptomatic Carpal Tunnel syndrome during pregnancy at age group of years was selected by Quasi-experimental purposive random sampling method after giving due consideration to inclusion and exclusion criteria. STUDY SETTING The study was conducted at Outpatient Physiotherapy Department in Thanthai Roever College of Phsiotherapy, Perambalur, Rathna Global Hospital, EMG Laboratory in PG Studies under the supervision of concerned authority. STUDY DURATION The study was conducted for a period of 4 weeks. INCLUSION CRITERIA Pregnant women with pain and swelling in the wrist for 1 month. Both unilateral and bilateral involvement. Age 25 years and 32 years. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA Non pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnant women having other complications like hypothyroidism, diabetes which may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome. Any other trauma related injuries. Abnormal X-Ray of the wrist. Males. Gained surgical of symptoms. History of steroid injection into the carpal tunnel. PARAMETER A.VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE(VAS) The VAS Scale is the valid and reliable measurement tool for pain.It is used to measure the pain response that the patient experience before and after nerve and tendon gliding exercises of median nerve. VAS Scale consists of 10cm horizontal line with two ends labeled as no pain(0) and severe pain(10), the patient will mark a point on the line, which corresponds to the intensity of pain what theyexperience. B.FUNCTIONAL STATAUS SCALE(FSS) Functional Status Scale was used to measure the functional disability offhand. It consists of six items of questionnaire (writing, buttoning of clothes, holding a book while reading, household, carrying grocery bags, bathing and dressing). SCORING 06-12 -No difficulty 13-18 -Mild difficulty 19-24 -Moderate difficulty 25-29 -cannot do at all due to hand or wrist symptoms. PROCEDURE A total of 10 subjects with symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy was selected randomly with due consideration to inclusion an exclusion criteria A brief demonstration was given about tendon and nerve gliding techniques for the patient. Pre test data and post taest data was collected with VAS and FSS Scale. The results were recorded. The subjects weare given nerve and tendon gliding exercises. The results of post test of the same parameter was recorded and compared. Statistical tools The statistical tool used in this study were paired t-test. PAIRED T-TEST à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt-test was used to find out the statistical significance between Pre and Post test values of tendon and nerve gliding exercises and VAS pain response and FSS Scale response before and after treatment. FORMULA: PAIRED T-TEST S= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¿ d =Difference between the Pre Test Vs post Test _ d= Mean difference n=Total number of subjects S=Standard deviation DATA PRESENTATION DATA PRESENTATION TABLE-1 S.No Visual Analogue scale Pre Test Post Test Functional Status Scale Pre Test Post Test 1. 8 4 27 16 2. 7 3 27 12 3. 8 5 26 15 4. 9 4 29 13 5. 7 2 25 15 6. 8 4 25 12 7. 9 3 28 16 8. 7 4 28 16 9. 8 2 27 17 10. 8 3 28 14 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the Datas collected from 10 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy and the effect of nerve and tendon gliding exercises aas a treatment approach to carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy by comparing the VAS Scale for pain response and FSS for functional ability. TABLE II The table II shows the mean value, mean diference, standard deviation and paired t value between pre and post test value of Visual Analogue Scale for patientas whao have been subjected to tendon anad nerve gliding exercises. VAS Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test Post test 7.9 3.4 4.5 1.07 13.28 It explains the paired t value of pre and post test value was 13.28 at 0.05 level of significance which was greate than the tabulated t value 2.26. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference between pre versus post test. The pre test mean was 7.9 the post test mean waas3.4 and the difference was 4.5 which showed that there was a reduction in Visual Analogue Scale score in post test values in which the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. THEREFORE THE STUDY IS REJECTING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS AND ACCEPTING THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS. Graph Visual analogue scale: Pretest VS Post test Series1: Pretest Series2: Posttest Functional Status Scale: Pre test Vs Post Test Series1: Pretest Series2: Posttest TABLE III Table III representas the mean values,mean difference, standard deviation and paired t value of Functional Status Scale who have been subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises. FSS Score Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test Post test 27.1 14.6 12.5 2.22 17.7 It explains the paired t value of pre versus post sessions awas 17.7 at 0.05 level of significance which was greater than the tabulated t value 2.26. this showed that there was a statistical significant difference between the pre and post test resultas. The pr tesat ment was 27.1, the post test ment was 14.6,and the difference was 12.5 which showed that there was a reduction in functional status scale score in post test values in which recovery of the selected samples in response to intervention. Thrrefore the study is rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis. Graph DISCUSSION DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to determine the effect of tendon and nerve gliding excercises in reducing the pain and improving the functional ability of hand in patient with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is most common and significant of all nerve entrapment syndromes (Phalen.G.S. 1972). It causes 20% of all compression syndromes especially in the third trimester of pregnancies. A total number of 10 subjects of age group of 25-32 years were selected for the study. Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Functional Status Scale for functional ability were taken as parameters to measure the affliction of patients. Pre test data has collected for the subjects and computed. They were subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises for 4 weeks. The result of post teat of same parameter was recorded for comparison after 4 weeks of treatment. The paired t test was used to compare the pre VS post test results of subjects. Caarpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition among people who do repetitive wrk all day lke punching keys on computer or cash register or even pressing on the strings of a violin. Pregnant women are also susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome even if they do not type or play msic all day. The studies have shown that one out of four pregnant women complains of the syndrome usually in the second or third trimester of pregnancy when fluid retention in the aarms and hands is more likely to put pressure on the nerve that leads to the hands anad fingers. The nervous system is normally under some pressure and tension. If the tension is breaked there results some movement(Millesi.et.al.1972). Dackowicz . A.,, conducted an study to evaluate the usefulness in conservative treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome. According to Butler neural tissue requires movement to promote healing and restoration of optimum mechanical properties.Decreased neural mobility and adverse mechanical tension in nervous system can generate pain.(Butler and Elvey 1978). Mchellan and Swash in 1976 noted that wrist and fingers extensor wil move the median nerve at wrist 2 or 4 times more than the middle of the upper arm. According to Asgel Enhos tendon requires movement to promote functional ability. Rosmaryn and Asgel Enhos said that the decreased tendon gliding in nervous system can generate pain. Rosmaryn proposed that radicular pain might be mobilizing the involved nerve. The mechanical respose is tendon movement in the cross sectional shape and viscoelastic function. So the treatment of tendon Gliding Exercise mah normalize the pressure gradient around the nervous system and releases the tendon thus reducing pain improving functional ability. Summary Summary The objective of the study was to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of tendon and nerve gliding exercises programmed in reducing pain and of increasing the functional ability in the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. To conduct the study, the total number of 10 carpal tunnel pataients during pregnancy with both unilateral and bilateral involvement at the age group 25 to 32 years, who were suitable for inclusive criteria was selected by Quasi experimental purposive random sampling technique and informed consents were obtained from subjects individually. The pre and post test of VAS and FSS were conducted and recorded before and after treatment programmed for 4 weeks of nerve and tendon gliding exercises inmcarpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. The paired t test is used to compare the pre and post test values of nerve anad tendon gliding exercises and the pain and functional ability are computed by the VAS and FSS Scale. In the analysis and interpretation of the data based on the Visual Analogue Scale for pain the paired t- test value (13.28), which was greater than the tabulated paired t test val